THE STRUCTURE OF FREE-MARTIN GONADS 91 



abdominal wall to a position immediately under the skin in the 

 region of the groin. No udder development, but the teats were 

 large. No scrotum. External genitalia female except the 

 clitoris, which is transformed into a penis-like structure pos- 

 teriorly directed. Vas deferens led from epidid>Tnis, which is 

 normally related to the gonad, to urethra. Seminal vesicles 

 present, but only the left has a duct which lacks a lumen. Sper- 

 matic cord normal in appearance. Rudimentary prostate. 



The general topography of the gonads. These three highly 

 transformed gonads are comparatively larger than gonads less 

 transformed, but smaller than normal testes of the same age. 

 The gonad of H-37, the most completely transformed of the 

 entire series, is approximately the same size as a testis of a six- 

 months-old calf (40 X 12 mm.). The testis of a bull of about the 

 same age as this free-martin measures 125 x 57 mm. In cases 

 44 and H-37, the left gonad is much larger than the right gonad 

 (table 1 for details). Not only has the size increased, but the 

 shape has changed from ovoid to oblong. 



In contrast to the other groups, the ovarian position of these 

 gonads is not retained (except H-46), but they have descended 

 into peritoneal sacs, which instead of entering a scrotum, as the 

 normal testes do, are retained between the abdominal muscles 

 and the skin in the region of the groin. Even this partial descent 

 is a distinct indication of a further transformation in the male 

 direction of these free-martin gonads. 



The general morphological relationships of the parts are like 

 that of a normal testis. Each gonad is enclosed by a thickened 

 capsule, the tunica albuginea. The rete enters the anterior 

 end, extends toward and in two cases reaches the posterior end 

 of the sex-cord region. It forms an eccentrically placed core 

 about which are found the seminiferous tubules and intertubular 

 tissue. Many tubuli recti connect the rete tubules with the 

 seminiferous tubules. At the anterior end of the gonad the 

 rete tubules establish connections with a well-developed head of 

 the epididymis. The body and tail of the epididymis bear the 

 typical male relationships to the gonad. In each case there is a 

 well-developed vascular cord which is attached to the anterior 



