THE STRUCTURE OF FREE-MARTIN GONADS 117 



Another characteristic of the cryptorchid male is the normal 

 appearance of the secondary sexual characters. The free-martin, 

 however, according to the observations of Magnusson ('18), 

 Pusch ('11), Zschokke ('00) and others, resembles a castrated male 

 in body form, development of the horns, etc. Hunter ('86, p. 

 53) regarded it more like the ox or spayed heifer than the bull 

 or cow. Tandler and Keller ('10), who performed elaborate 

 experiments on the influence of castration on the body form of 

 the male and female in cattle, conclude that both male and 

 female converge to a 'common form' (asexual). They regarded 

 the free-martin as resembling more closely the castrated female 

 in form. Hart ('10) figures one of Hunter's free-martins which 

 shows very distinctly the head and horns of an ox or spayed 

 female, and ■ the fore and hind quarters distinctly male in type. 

 It would appear from these observations that the interstitial 

 cells in the free-martin gonad fail to play any strong role in the 

 production of secondary sexual characters. 



