PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GONADS 133 



siderable degeneration." They conclude as to the physiology 

 of the ovary: "The maintainance of the histological characters 

 in successful grafts points to the retention by them of function." 

 "The appearance of the uterus was found to bear a relation to 

 the microscopic structure of the graft. If the latter had retained 

 unaltered, or with little alteration, the typical characters of 

 ovarian tissue, the uterus was found undegenerated" (p. 597). 



Basso ('05), using guinea-pigs and dogs, attempted trans- 

 plantation of ovaries to the male. And since results obtained 

 from this procedure were no less successful than from those 

 grafted into females, the author concluded that the presence of 

 the testis did not prevent the persistence of the ovary. His 

 results on the whole, however, were not especially good. 



Steinach ('12 and later) maintains that a sex-gland graft will 

 not grow in the animal that possesses a gland of the opposite 

 sex. In young rats and guinea-pigs glands of one sex when 

 transplanted into an animal of the same sex, or into an animal 

 of the opposite sex that has been castrated, will persist and grow. 

 And, in the latter case, Steinach maintains that as the animal 

 develops it will assume the somatic and psychical character- 

 istics of the sex represented by the graft. If, however, a gonad 

 of either sex is grafted into an animal of the opposite sex with 

 intact gonads, then the graft will fail to become vascularized, 

 gradually shrinks, and very early disappears. Steinach assumes 

 that a secretion from the interstitial cells of the one sex gland 

 (a hormone) exerts a deleterious influence upon the opposite 

 sex gland, thus preventing its growth. Later, however, Steinach 

 considers that he was able partially to overcome this hormone 

 antagonism by grafting simultaneously the two opposite sex 

 glands into the same infantile, castrated animal; he was able 

 to obtain a certain persistence of the two glands for short periods 

 of time. He repeatedly denies any growth of an ovary grafted 

 into a young male animal with intact testes, or growth of a testis 

 grafted into a female animal possessing ovaries. 



Sand ('19) also maintains that a gonad will not grow subcu- 

 taneously in an animal whose sex glands are intact, provided 

 that the graft is from an animal of the opposite sex from the 



