168 CARL R. MOORE 



ovary does not develop normally. Theoretically, a hormone 

 from the male is the cause of the abnormal condition, while in 

 the present case the two sex glands coexist without any apparent 

 ill effect to either. In the case of the free-martin, however, 

 there is no real indication of an antagonism between the sex 

 glands. Hormone action is not characterized by an inhibition, 

 but by a stimulation, and the stimulus from the male hormone 

 acting upon the indifferent gonad of the foetus exerts an influence 

 quantitatively greater than the inherent influence toward female- 

 ness, hence the resultant of the two forces is a type of develop- 

 ment more nearly resembling the male than the female. 



Somatic development is undoubtedly influenced very greatly 

 by the presence or absence of a sex gland, as shown by numerous 

 experiments, but the sex gland is not alone responsible for all 

 the differences that occur. There is also that unknown influence 

 which in the first place determines whether the indifferent stage 

 shall, under normal conditions, progress toward maleness or 

 femaleness. But however potent a hormone of an embryo or 

 adult may be in modifying the somatic or psychical nature of the 

 animal, the two hormones acting in the same adult individual 

 give no evidence of antagonism as Steinach maintains. The 

 conditions in pseudohermaphroditic mammals may then be 

 conceived of as the resultant of two opposing stimuli — opposing 

 not in the sense of inhibition, but merely that the tw^o influences 

 tend to lead development in two directions. The degree of inter- 

 mixture of the sexual apparatus would thus be a function of the 

 quantitative difference between the two stimuli and not the result 

 of the suppression of one gonad by the other. 



