366 CARL R. MOORE 



is reversed from the normal; the animal is more pugnacious and 

 possesses male instincts, reacting as a male rather than as a fe- 

 male. The 'femininized male' develops into a female-like animal 

 as shown by changed body weight and length (relative), change 

 of hair coat, by the development of the mammary glands (guinea- 

 pigs only), by skeleton changes, by becoming more docile, less 

 pugnacious, and by the acquisition of the female behavior and 

 the development of maternal inclinations toward the young, even 

 suckling the young (guinea-pigs) . 



Furthermore, Steinach maintains that the secretion of a gonad 

 graft promotes the development of the 'homologous' secondary 

 sex characters of the host and at the same time inhibits the 'het- 

 erologous' characters; i.e., an ovary will promote the female char- 

 acteristics in a developing male animal and inhibit the somatic or 

 psychical characteristics of the male. To him this indicates an an- 

 tagonistic action between the secretions of the two sex glands of such 

 a nature that not only does the presence of a graft in a castrated 

 animal of the opposite sex inhibit the somatic growth and differen- 

 tiation and the psychical nature of the animal, but that the pres- 

 ence of one sex gland in an animal will prevent the growth of the 

 opposite gland if attempts are made to transplant the latter gland. 

 By transplanting simultaneously portions of the two opposite 

 sex glands into the same infantile, castrated animal Steinach was 

 able to obtain some persistence of the sex glands for short periods 

 of time, and concluded from this that the antagonistic action 

 between the two glands had been partially overcome. 



In former papers ('19) the writer offered criticisms relative to 

 certain criteria employed by Steinach as an indicator of maleness 

 and femaleness. Attention was directed to the facts presented 

 by Stotsenburg ('09, '13) in reference to the effects of the sex 

 glands upon the normal growth of the male and female rats. 

 This investigator showed clearly that in rats the testis had ab- 

 solutely no effect upon the growth of the animal; the curve of 

 growth for castrated males was almost identical with that for 

 normal unoperated males. In addition, he showed that after the 

 removal of the ovary (complete spaying) the growth curve of 

 the spayed animals increased 17 per cent to 30 per cent above 



