REPORT ON THE ACTINIARIA. 51 



method of grinding. Tlie integument is composed, as was stated above, of an internal 

 softer zone, and an external zone penetrated by accessory deposits. The latter consist 

 mainly of clear angular fragments of sand ; but there occur also various indeterminable 

 mineral splinters of different colours, and finally, more sparingly. Sponge - spicules 

 and Foraminiferal shells. All these particles lie confusedly mingled, and so closely 

 together as to form a stout external rind ; between them they allow of only thin 

 mesogloea-lamellse, in which are embedded fine nucleated fibres, as well as a few 

 stellate mesoglceal cells. The zone of mesoglcea, which is soft and free from deposits, 

 consists of a homogeneous matrix, in which sharply circumscribed lenticular cell- 

 islets are embedded in large numbers and of various sizes. They are especially 

 plentiful in the neighbourhood of the endoderm ; but, in passing outwards, every 

 gradation of size, up to fine fusiform structures, is met with. The plane of the 

 long axis of these cell-islets is always circumferential. The nucleated fibres are 

 extremely abundant in tlie mesogloea ; they extend from the endoderm outwards, 

 their course being sometimes straight, but more generally undulating, with close coils 

 almost like a cork-screw. Besides the contents already mentioned, one observes also 

 the existence of stellate mesoglceal cells, which are sparsely scattered and emit fine 

 processes into the homogeneous matrix. 



" The supporting lamina of the mesentery is well developed, and presents an antler- 

 like muscle-pennon. At its base passes a canal, filled with cells, and penetrating the 

 mesenteries for their whole len2;th : in transverse sections through the micromesenteries 

 this appears simple and cylindrical, but forms on the macromesenteries a longer cavity 

 divided up by cross anastomoses. This cj^uite subordinate character accompanies the 

 microtype through all the genera, however different both externally and anatomically ; 

 no macrotypal form showing even a trace of this mesenterial canal. 



" The sphincter of Sphcnojnis is mesodermal and simple, and is so far characteristic 

 that it commences incomparably deeper than in any other known Zoanthean ; it 

 extends so deeply downwards in the outer part of the body-wall, tliat, even in the 

 contracted animal, its lowest point lies in the same horizontal jjlane as the lower end 

 of the stomatoda3um. In longitudinal section one can see how, at its deepest point, the 

 bundles of fibrillse, like small circles, are laid so closely together that they appear 

 almost to form a continuous line. Above they are more extended, and place themselves 

 with the long axis perpendicular to the endoderm, from which they are only separated 

 by a narrow lamina of homogeneous mesogloea. In this condition the sphincter forms a 

 system of Ijacillate fibrillse-bundles, which are arranged extremely regularly in the form 

 of a pali.sade. At the edge of the infolding of the body-wall the bundles begin to bay 

 out ii-regularly, and finally set themselves, on the indrawn part of the body-wall, to form 

 the sphincter proper, a plait of delicately branching and anastomosing bundles. This 

 circular muscle increases in bulk downwards, and terminates below with a rounded 



