86 SPONGES 
Naturae (1767) classes sponges among animal zoophy- 
tes. 
After this date sponges were tossed by authors like a 
shuttlecock from animals to vegetables then back again 
to animals, 
This shifting back and forth 1s briefly indicated below. 
In 1785, Cavolini considers them animals, but very low in 
the scale. This opinion is maintained by Montagu in 1812. 
Other authors, like Cuvier and Lamarck followed in this 
opinion, but in 1824, we find J. E. Gray arguing against 
the animality of sponges, but the next year he forsook this 
opinion to consider them animals, Grant, Audouin and 
Milne-Edwards a little later regard them as animals, but in 
1831 we ano less personage than Link, a celebrated Pro- 
fessor of botany in Berlin again placing them among the 
algae. 
In 1841 E. Forbes in some lectures delivered in Edin. 
burg taught that sponges were animal in which life 1s com 
pound. ee 
