CONTENTS 



PART I 



Page 



I. Introduclioii 3 



1 . Tlie North Atlantic Ocenn 3 



2. Tlic Cruise of tlic "Miclwiel Sars" and tlie Geophysical 

 Work on Board 3 



II. The Sea-Siirfacc and the Air 4 



3. The Surface Observations 4 



4. Meteorological Observations 4 



5. Statistical Treatment of the Observations 5 



6. The Surface Salinity 6 



7. The Surface Temperature 7 



8. The Air Temperature rf 



9. Humidity and Fog 10 



10. Cloudiness 12 



11. The Interaction of the Ocean and the Atmosphere ... 13 



III. Siib-Siirface Temperatures, Salinities, and Den- 

 sities (Methods) 15 



12. The Temperature Observations 15 



13. The Water-Bottles 16 



14. The Water-Samples and Their Treatment (Titration) .. 16 



15. Time. Depths of Observations 16 



16. Standard Depths 17 



17. Graphical Interpolations 17 



18. Correlation between Temperature and Salinity (Salinity- 

 Anomaly) 18 



IV. Local Variations in General 20 



19. Variations limiting the Validity of Oceanographical 

 Observations 20 



20. Local Variations 20 



V. Short-Period Oscillations 23 



21. Observations from the North Atlantic 23 



22. E.xperiments in the Faeroe-Shetland Channel 24 



23. Harmonic Analysis. Tidal Variations 26 



(TEXT) 



Page 



24. Diurnal Variations .... 29 



25. Semi-Diurnal Variations 30 



26. The Ratio betvk'een the Diurnal and Semi-Diurnal Varia- 

 tions. The Combined Variations 31 



27. The Residual Variations 34 



28. Causes of the Variations 36 



VI. The Temperatures in the Sea 40 



29. Gain and Loss of Heat 40 



30. Absorption of Heat in the Sea 41 



31 . Conduction of Heat 43 



32. Seasonal Variations 47 



33. Variations from One Year to AnoUier (Annual Variations) 59 



34. Adiabatic Variations of Temperature 6t 



35. The Deep Water of the North Atlantic 71 



36. The Horizontal Distribution of Temperature in the 

 Troposhere 79 



37. The Vertical Distribution of Temperature 83 



VII. The Salinities in the North Atlantic 86 



38. Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Salinity 86 



39. The Distribution of Salinity-Anomalies 92 



VIII. Stability 93 



40. Cilculation of the Stability 93 



41. Horizontal and Vertical Variations of Stability 93 



IX. Dynamics of the Sea 94 



42. Theoretical Considerations 94 



43. Numerical Calculations 99 



X. Current Measurements 104 



44. Methods 104 



45. Observations from Anchored Ship 106 



46. Observations from Drifting Ship 112 



Literature 114 



PART II (TABLES AND PLATES) 



Page 



Table I a. Surface Observations 3* 



Table I h. Surface Observations and Meteorological Records 5* 



Table II. Serial Observations at the Stations 21' 



Table III. Physical Conditions at Standard Depths 33* 



Table IV. Anomalies of Specific Volume, and of Depth of Isobaric Surfaces 49* 



Table V. Current Measurements 54* 



Graphical Representations 63'- 102* 



