INTRODUCTION 31 



ant along the highway — are black, bordered with yellowish 

 white. The base of the hind wings of a related species 

 hving on the Western plains is bluish, while in the large 

 coral-winged locust of the Eastern states the hind wings 

 are red, bordered with black. In nearly all of the species 

 of these locusts frequenting open localities where they are 

 liable to disturbance by birds or other animals, the hind 

 wings exhibit contrasting colors in flight. Most of them 

 also fly in a zigzag line, and alight in a most erratic man- 

 ner. Many times I have had difficulty in determining the 

 exact landfall of one of these peculiar creatures, and I be- 

 lieve Lord Walsingham's suggestion is well exemplified in 

 them. (See page 33.) 



The most famous example of a combination of this 

 dazzling coloring of the upper wing surface with a definite 

 protective coloring of the under wing surface is the Kallima 

 butterfly which is illustrated in almost every book dealing 

 with animal coloration. The under wing surface bears a 

 striking resemblance to a leaf and the hind wings project 

 to form a tail which looks like the petiole of the leaf, and 

 there is also a mark running across the wings which 

 mimics the midrib. When the butterfly is flying the 

 brilliant colors of the upper surface are visible, but when it 

 alights these are instantly replaced by the sombre tone 

 of the under surface, so that apparently the insect com- 

 pletely disappears and in its place there is only a leaf 

 attached to a branch in a most natural position. In Dr. 

 Longstaff 's book there is an illustration of another tropical 

 butterfly, Eronia cleodora, which resembles on its under 

 surface a yellow disease-stricken leaf but on its upper 

 surface gives a brilliant combination of black and white. 

 This insect alights upon the leaves which it resembles 



