150 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOGY. 



the aspects of the limbs as wholes, together with some special mne- 

 monics for the humerus. 



§ 370. Clavicula — Clamcle, collar bone (Fig. 48), — A. Man. — 

 It should be placed with the greater concavity up, the projecting 

 part of the thick, mesal or sternal end toward the observer ; then 

 the flattened lateral end wiU. point to the side to wliich the bone 

 belongs. 



B. Cat. — It should be held with the subcylindrical end mesad 

 and curving downward, the great concavity toward the observer ; 

 the flattened end will then point to the side to which the bone be- 

 longs. In young cats the two ends are so nearly alike that it is 

 difficult to determine right and left. 



§ 371. Scapula— Shoulder blade (Fig. 43-45).— The gleno-ver- 

 tebral angle (§ 383) should be held toward the observer and the 

 glenoid fossa down ; then the mesoscapula will be on the side to 

 which the bone belongs. 



§ 372. Humerus— (Fig. 46).— The bone should be held with the 

 olecranon fossa (Fig. 71) up, the epitrochlea toward the observer 

 (the musculo-spiral groove in man away from him). In the cat and 

 many other animals, rarely in man also, there is a foramen {Fm. 

 epitrocMeare, Fig. 46), near the caudal border of the distal end 

 (§ 417). 



The olecranon fossa, the deepest of the distal fossae (Fig. 71) is 

 on the dorsal aspect. The Foramen epitrochleare in the cat and the 

 most prominent apophysis {epitrocTilea) of the distal end are on the 

 caudal side in both cat and man. 



§ 373. Radius— (Fig. 30). — The bicipital tuberosity should be 

 held down, the styloid process on the side away from the observer. 

 The styloid process is the most distal part of the bone. It is on the 

 cephalic side, while the bicipital tuberosity, which is near the prox- 

 imal end, is mostly on the ventral side. The distal end is the larger. 



§ 374. Ulna — (Fig, 30). — The great sigmoid cavity should be 

 held down, the lesser sigmoid cavity from the observer ; then the 

 smaller end points to the side. 



The great sigmoid cavity is on the ventral aspect at the proximal 

 end ; the lesser one is on the cephalic aspect just distad of the 

 greater one and continuous with it. 



§ 375. Innominatum — Pelvic bone (Fig. 30, 51). — It should be 

 held with the ischiatic tuberosity toward the observer, the pubic 



