THE NECK. 307 



Ppl. (Papillae) odontoides (Milne-Edwards, A, VI, 104). — These are the horny re- 

 curved papillse on the dorsal aspect of the cat's tongue with which it rasps the surface of 

 bones. For the other papill£e, see Quain, II, 335. 



Ppl. fng., Papillae fungiformes — Fungiform papillae. — These are the bead-like projec- 

 tions on the dorsal surface of the tongue. They are especially abundant near the middle 

 of its length. 



Ppl. crcm., Papillae circumvallatae — Circumvallate papillae. — These are few in num- 

 ber and are situated on the dorsal surface of the tongue in the locality indicated in 

 Fig. 88. They appear like large fungiform papillae with a trench and a raised border 

 around them. 



Pharynx, az. — The general cavity into which open the mouth, postnares. Eustachian 

 tube, oesophagus and trachea. 



Pili tactiles— Tactile hairs (Fig. 87). 



Praenares — Nostrils. — The opening of the nasal chamber at the snout. 



Rhinen., Rhinencephalon. — Olfactory lobes. 



Rugae. — The transverse wrinkles or folds in the roo'' of the mouth. There are five or 

 six of these, and tliey are covered with short, stiff papillae. 



S. sph., Sinus sphenoideum. — Sphenoidal sinus (Fig. 59). 



Symph. (Symphysis) menti, az. — The amphiarthrodial articulation between the two 

 sides of the mandible. 



Tnt., Tentorium cerebelli. — The letters are on the bony tentorium (see Fig. 59), but 

 this is seen to be lined on its ental surface by the dura. The dura is as easily separable 

 from the bony tentorium as from the other parts of the skull, and the bony tentorium itself 

 seems to be a part of the Os parietnle, not an ossification of the membranous tentorium as 

 stated by Flower, A, 99 ; see Cuvier, A, III, Article 10. 



Trachea, az. — Windpipe. — The tube connecting the lungs with the pharynx (Fig. 77). 



VI. pit.. Velum palati, az. — The pendulous or caudal portion of the soft palate. It is 

 here represented as lifted from the tongue so that it extends nearly caudad instead of 

 curving ventrad as in nature. 



Vibrissae— Whiskers.— See Fig. 87, 88. In Fig. 88 their free ends are cut off. 



§ 797. CoUum, az. — Neck. — This is the constricted portion of 

 the trunk cephalad of the first rib, i. e., between the thorax and 

 head (Fig. 6). 



§ 798. Exposure. — Make an incision along the neck about 2 cm. 

 to the right of tlie ventrimeson as far caudad as the first rib ; then a 

 transverse incision just cephalad of the first rib to a point 2 cm. to 

 the left of the ventrimeson ; dissect off the skin and the muscles 

 covering the trachea (Fig. 76). 



§ 799. Trachea, (^/z.— Windpipe (Fig. 77). — The trachea cannot 

 be mistaken, as it is the first tube uncovered by the removal of the 

 skin and muscles on the ventral aspect of the neck. 



Cut out a segment of the tracliea 3-4 cm. long. It will be seen 

 to be a cylindrical tube stiffened by rings of cartilage which do 

 not meet on the dorsal side, excepting when the trachea is con- 



