INTRODUCTION. 11 



thousands of circulars to raise money to meet the 

 expense, which was now estimated at £] 0,500. 



The scientific staff for the Germania were, partly on 

 Captain Koldewey's proposal, chosen and appointed by 

 Dr. Petermann. 



The commander of the whole expedition was Captain 

 Koldewey, of Bucken, near Hoya, in the province of 

 Hanover. He was in the thirty-second year of his age. 

 Brought up in the Pilot School at Bremen, he had been 

 a sailor sixteen years, that is from 1853. Giving up his 

 practical business for a time, Koldewey, in order to im- 

 prove himself, attended the Polytechnic School in Hanover, 

 and in the winter of 1867 and 1868 the University of 

 Gottingen, where he studied physics and astronomy, which 

 after his return from the first Arctic expedition, as far 

 as the completion of his Report of it would allow, he 

 took up again. 



The scientific members of the expedition, to ship in the 

 Germania were the following : — 



1st. Dr. Karl N. J. Borgen, born in Schleswig on the 

 1st of October, 1843. He attended the cathedral school 

 in that place; was drafted in 1863 to the University of 

 Copenhagen, in 1864 to the University of Kiel, and in 

 1865 to that of Gottingen. In 1866, he was assistant in 

 the observatory of that place; served as a volunteer in 

 the army of the North German Alliance from January 

 16th, 1867, to 1868. Obtaining leave of absence for two 

 years, he received on that occasion from the Prussian 

 Ministry of Public Instruction a subsidy of £75. 



2nd. Dr. R. Copeland, born the 3rd of September, 

 183 7, at Woodplumpton in Lancashire, England. Acquired 

 a scientific education in his own country, travelled in 



