SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MAN 179 



of Abel ('12) on embryos of the chick and more recently by that 

 of Stewart ('20) on embryos of the rat. The cranial sympathetic 

 ganglia arise in a manner essentially analogous to that in which 

 the sympathetic trunks arise. The ciliary ganglion arises in 

 intimate association with the oculomotor nerve in all classes of 

 vertebrates. The writer's observations on this ganglion agree 

 with those of Carpenter ('06) which indicate that it arises from 

 cells which advance peripherally both along the oculomotor and 

 ophthalmic nerves. The conditions found to obtain in embryos 

 of the lower vertebrates with respect to the other cranial sympa- 

 thetic ganglia need not be set forth at this time. In embryos of 

 the turtle and the chick the sphenopalatine ganglion was found 

 to arise in the path of the great superficial petrosal nerve and to 

 become connected early with the maxillary nerve. It receives 

 cells which advance peripherally both along the great superficial 

 petrosal and the maxillary nerves. In embryos of the pig the 

 relationship of the primordium of this ganglion to the great 

 superficial petrosal nerve was less obvious. While it was recog- 

 nized that cells might enter this ganglion along the great super- 

 ficial petrosal nerve, it was erroneous^ concluded that the spheno- 

 palatine ganglion arises, in embryos of the pig, primarily from 

 cells which advance peripherally from the semilunar ganglion. 

 The writer's observations on the development of the otic ganglion 

 led him to conclude that in embrj^os of the chick this ganglion 

 arises primarilj^ from cells which advance from the primordium 

 of the superior cervical ganglion along the internal carotid nerve, 

 while in embryos of the pig it arises almost exclusively from cells 

 which advance peripherall}- along the mandibular division of the 

 trigeminal nerve. In the light of the present investigation, these 

 conclusions are obviousl}^ erroneous. They will be referred to 

 again in a later section of this paper. The submaxillary ganglion 

 is derived primarily from cells which advance from the semilunar 

 ganglion along the path of the lingual division of the mandibular 

 nerve. 



In a recent series of papers Ganfini ('11-' 18) has published 

 extensive and detailed observations on the development of the 

 sympathetic nervous system in embryos of types of all the classes 



