“DIE LOKALISATION IM GROSSHIRN”’ 487 
of the general idea of shock as applied to the central nervous 
system it may not be out of place to give here Goltz’s statement 
in his own words, as translated by Loeb (’00): 
No one will assume, that that piece of the spinal cord which is 
separated from the brain in so short a time (i.e., afew days or weeks) 
acquires entirely new powers as a reflex organ; we must assume that 
these powers were only suppressed or inhibited temporarily by the 
lesion of the spinal cord. 
Goltz’s statement of the segmental theory was that each level 
or division of the central nervous system had essentially the 
same functions in all vertebrates (Goltz, ’92). The reason why 
a man or a dog will not recover as completely as a frog or a turtle 
after loss of the cerebral hemispheres is not because the cerebral 
hemispheres have any more highly developed motor function in 
the higher forms, but because the effects of shock are so much 
more permanent and more severe in the higher forms than in the 
lower. 
It may be remarked in passing that Magendie (1816), many 
years before Edinger, had with great clearness stated the mechan- 
ism of instincts in neurological terms. An abstract of his views 
follows: 
We may distinguish, in those attitudes and movements which are 
intended to express our intellectual and instinctive acts, and which are 
included under the generic term ‘gestes,’ between those which are 
bound up with organization and, as a consequence, are present in all 
men, in whatever condition, and those which have arisen and reached 
their perfection in a social state. 
The former are intended to express the most simple condition, the 
internal sensations as joy, pain, grief and the like, as well as the animal 
passions, through cries and the voice. One may observe them in the 
idiot, the savage, the blind from birth, as well as in the civilized man 
enjoying all moral and physical advantages. These are native or in- 
stinctive responses. 
But while Edinger’s statement of the relations was probably 
at variance with the known facts at the time it was made, and 
certainly is at variance now, the generality of Magendie’s expres- 
sion made it conform, not only to the facts of his time, but also 
gave it a lease of life which endures to the present day. 
