WARNING COLOURS 175 



to escape, but * feigns death.' The conspicuous and 

 shiggish day -flying black and red Burnet Moths 

 (Zygcena) and Cinnabar Moth {Euchelia Jacohcece) are 

 also nauseous, and so is the gaudy Garden Tiger Moth 

 {Arctia caja). Many white moths, or black and white 

 moths, have also been refused by insect-eating animals 

 with every sign of disgust. 



Consideration of the later stag^es of species with 

 unpalatable larvae 



A comparison of the means of defence and palata- 

 bility in the three stages of metamorphosis, in species 

 of which the larvae are known to be nauseous, proved to 

 be extremely interesting, and much more work is needed 

 in the same direction. In the first place the com- 

 parison showed that when the later stages are nauseous 

 the larva was also nauseous in all cases. The Tiger 

 Moth is probably an exception, for the caterpillar may 

 be defended by its hairs instead of by taste, and the 

 chrysahs seems to be palatable. The Leopard Moth 

 (Zeuzera cesculi) is another exception. Such cases are 

 probably very rare, and it is clear that this method of 

 defence, among Lepidoptera, nearly always arose in 

 the larval stage. The larval stage is exposed to more 

 danger and is more helpless than any other : the 

 imago can escape by flight, and the pupa, if exposed, 

 may render its Protective Eesemblance complete by 

 entire quiescence, and it is usually effectually protected 



