112 DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS. [PART II, 
extend so far south. We have here remains of Equus, Bos, 
Antilope, Hippopotamus, LElephas, Rhinoceros, Ursus, Canis, 
and Hyena, together with Phacochwrus, an African type of 
swine which has not occurred in the European deposits. 
It is perhaps to the earlier portion of this period that the 
Merycotherium of the Siberian drift belongs. This was an 
animal related to the living camel, thus supporting the view that 
the Camelide are essentially denizens of the extra-tropical zone. 
PLIOCENE PERIOD. 
Primates—We here first meet with evidence of the existence 
of monkeys in Central Europe. Species of Macacus have left 
remains not only in the Newer Pliocene of the Val d’Arno in 
Italy, but in beds of the same age at Grays in Essex ; while 
Semnopithecus and Cercopithecus, genera now confined to the 
Oriental and Ethiopian regions respectively, have been found in 
the Pliocene deposits of the South of France and Italy. 
Carnivora.—Most of the genera which occurred in the Post 
Pliocene are found here also, and many of the same species. Few 
new forms appear, except Hycnarctos, a large bear with characters 
approaching the hyenas, and Pristiphoca, a new form of seal, 
both from the Older Pliocene of France; and Galecynus, a fox- 
like animal intermediate between Canis and Viverra, from the 
Pliocene of Gininghen in Switzerland. 
Cetacea—Species of Balena, Physeter, and Delphinus occur in 
the Older Pliocene of England and France, and with these the 
remains of many extinct forms, Balenodon and Hoplocetus 
(Baleenide) ; Belemnoziphius and Choneziphius (Hyperoodontide), 
and Halitherium, an extinct form of the next order—Sirenia, 
now confined to the tropics, although the recently extinct Rytina 
of the N. W. Pacific shows that it is also adapted for tem- 
perate climates. 
Ungulata.—The Pliocene deposits are not very rich in this 
order. The horses (Eguide) are represented by the genus Lquus ; 
and here we first meet with Hipparion, in which small lateral 
toes appear. Both genera occur in British deposits of this age. 
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