CHAP. VI.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD. 115 
vast number of remains of extinct mammalia, as to solve many 
zoological problems, and to throw great light on the early distri- 
bution and centres of dispersal of various groups of animals. In 
order to show the bearing of these remains on our special sub- 
ject, we will first give an account of the extinct fauna of Greece, 
of the Upper Miocene period; since this, being nearest to Africa 
and Asia, best exhibits the relations of the old European fauna 
to those countries. We shall then pass to the Miocene fauna of 
France and Central Europe; and conclude with the remarkable 
Siwalik and other Indian extinct faunas, which throw an addi- 
tional light on the early history of the animal life of the great 
old-world continents. 
Extinct Animals of Greece. 
These are from the Upper Miocene deposits at Pikermi, near 
Athens, and were collected by M. Gaudry a few years ago. 
They comprise ten living and eighteen extinct genera of mam- 
malia, with a few birds and reptiles. 
Primates.—These are represented by Mesopithecus, a genus 
believed to be intermediate between the two Indian genera of 
monkeys, Semnopithecus and Macacus. 
Carnivora.—These were abundant. Of Felis there were four 
species, ranging from the size of a cat to that of a jaguar, a large 
hyena, and a large weasel (JJustela). Besides these there were 
the huge Machazrodus, larger than any existing lion or tiger, and 
with enormously developed canine teeth; Hycnictis and Lycena, 
extinct forms of Hyznide ; Thalassictis=Ictitherium, an extinct 
genus of Viverride but with resemblances to the hyzenas, repre- 
sented by three species, some of which were larger than any 
existing Viverride ; Promephytis, an extinct form of Mustelide, 
having resemblances to the European marten, to the otters, and 
to the S. African Zorilla ; and lastly, Simocyon, an extraordinary 
carnivore of the size of a small panther, but having the canines 
of a cat, the molars of a dog, and the jaws shaped like those of 
a bear. 
Ungulata.—These are numerous and very interesting. The 
Equide are represented by the three-toed Hipparion, which con- 
