CHAP. VI.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD. 121 
extinct form Titanomys. Besides these, remains referred to the 
South American genera, Cavia (cavy) and Dasyprocta (agouti), 
have been found, the former in the Upper Miocene of Switzer- 
land, the latter in the Lower Miocene of Auvergne. Palcomys, 
allied tothe West Indian Capromys, has been found in the same 
deposits ; as well as T’heridomys, said by Gervais to be allied to 
Anomalurus and Echimys, the former now living in W. Africa, 
the latter in 8. America. 
Edentata.—These are only represented by the Macrotherium 
and Ancylothervwm of the Grecian deposits, the former occurring 
also in France and Germany in Upper Miocene strata. 
Marsupials—tThese consist of numerous species related to 
the opossums (Didelphys), but separated by Gervais under the 
name Leratherium. They occur in both Upper and Lower 
Miocene beds. 
Upper Miocene Deposits of the Siwalik Hills and other Localities 
in N.W. India. 
These remarkable fresh-water deposits form a range of hills 
at the foot of the Himalayas, a little south of Simla. They 
were investigated for many years by Sir P. Cautley and Dr. 
Falconer, and add greatly to our knowledge of the early fauna 
of the Old World continent. 
Primates—Remains of the genera Semnopithecus and Macacus 
were found, with other forms of intermediate character; and 
some teeth indicated animals allied to the orang-utan of Borneo, 
and of similar size. 
Carnivora.—These consisted of species of Felis and Machai- 
rodus of large size ; Hyena, Canis, Mellivora, and an allied genus 
Ursitaxus ; Ursus, in the deposits of the Nerbudda valley (of 
Pliocene age) ; Hywnarctos as large as the cave bear ; Amphicyon 
of the size of a polar bear (in the deposits of the Indus 
valley, west of Cashmere) ; Zwtra, and an extinct allied genus 
Enhydrion. 
Ungulata.— These are very numerous, and constitute the most 
important feature of this ancient fauna. Horses are represented 
by a species of Hqwus from the Siwalik Hills and the Irawaddy 
Vou. I—10 
