CHAP. VI.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD. 123 
of mastodons ranged over India, their remains being found in all 
the deposits from the Siwalik Hills to Burmah. A large Dino- 
thervwm has also been found at Perim Island. 
Reptiles—-Many remains of birds were found, but these have 
not been determined. Reptiles were numerous and interesting, 
the most remarkable being the huge tortoise, Colossochelys, whose 
shell was twelve feet long and head and neck eight feet more. 
Other small tortoises of the genera Testudo, Emys, Trionyx 
and Hmydida were found, the Hmys being a living species. 
There were three extinct and one living species of crocodile, 
and one of them was larger than any now living. The only 
other reptile of importance was a large lizard of the genus 
Varanus. 
General Observations on the Miocene faunas of Europe and 
Asia.— Comparing the three faunas of approximately the same 
period, and allowing for the necessarily imperfect record of 
each, we find a wonderful similarity of general type over the 
enormous area between France on the west and the Irawaddy 
river in Burmah on the east. We may even extend our com- 
parison to Northern China, where remains of Hyena, Tapir, 
Rhinoceros, Chalicotherium, and Elephas, have been recently 
found, closely resembling those from the Miocene or Pliocene 
deposits of Europe or India, and showing that the Palearctic 
region had then the same great extent from west to east 
that it has now. Of about forty genera comprised in the 
Indian Miocene fauna, no less than twenty-seven inhabited 
Central and Western Europe during the same epoch. The Indian 
Miocene fossils are much what we should expect as the fore- 
runners of the existing fauna, the giraffes and hippopotami 
being the only additions from the present Ethiopian fauna. 
The numerous forms of the restricted bovine type, show that 
these probably originated in India; while the monkeys appear 
to be altogether of Oriental types. 
In Europe, however, we meet with a totally different assem- 
blage of animals from those that form the existing fauna. We 
find apes and monkeys, many large Felide, numerous civets 
