194 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III. 
the rough-legged buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus); the snowy owl 
(Nyctea scandiaca); the raven (Corvus corax); three buntings 
(Emberiza scheniculus, Plectrophanes nivalis and P. calcarata) ; a 
lark (Otocorys alpestris) ; several pipits, the most northern being 
Anthus cervinus; a wagtail (Budytes cinereocapilla) ; a dipper 
(Cinclus melanogaster); a warbler (Cyanecula suecica); the 
wheatear (Saxicola enanthe); and two ptarmigans (Lagopus 
albus and L. salicetus). Most of these birds are, of course, only 
summer visitors to the Arctie regions, the only species noted as 
a permanent resident in East Finmark (north of latitude 70°) 
being the snow-bunting (Plectrophanes nivalis). 
The birds that are characteristic of the zone of pine forests, 
or from about 61° to 70° north latitude, are very numerous, and 
it will be sufficient to note the genera and the number of 
species (where more than one) to give an idea of the ornitho- 
logy of this part of Europe. The birds of prey are, Falco (three 
species), Astwr (two species), Buteo, Pandion, Surnia, Bubo, 
Syrnium, Asio, Nyctala. The chief Passerine birds are, Corvus 
(two species), Pica, Garrulus (two species), Nucifraga, Bomby- 
cilla, Hirundo (two species), Muscicapa (two species), Lanius, 
Sturnus, Passer (two species), Pyrrhula, Carpodacus, Loxia (two 
species), Pinicola, Fringilla (eight species), Hmberiza (five 
species), Alauda, Anthus, Twrdus (five species), Ruticilla, Pratin- 
cola, Accentor, Sylvia (four species), Hypolais, Regulus, Phylloscopus 
(two species), Acrocephalus, Troglodytes, and Parus (six species). 
Woodpeckers are abundant, Picus (four species), Gecinus, and 
Yune. The kinefisher (Alcedo), goatsucker (Caprimulgus), and 
swift (Cypselus) are also common. The wood-pigeon (Colwmba) 
is plentiful. The gallinaceous birds are three grouse, Tetrao (two 
species) and Bonasa, and the common quail (Cotwrniz). 
The remaining genera and species of temperate or north- 
European birds, do not usually range beyond the region of 
deciduous trees, roughly indicated by the parallel of 60° north 
latitude. 
Plate I.—HTllustrating the Zoology of Central Europe— 
Before considering the distribution of the other classes of 
vertebrata, it will be convenient to introduce our first illustra- 
