CHAP. X.] THE PALZZARCTIC REGION. 199 
species), Sula bassana, Larus (two species), Stercorarius catar- 
ractes, Puffinus anglorum, Mergulus alle, Uria (three species), 
Alca torda. 
3. American species resident in Iceland.—Clangula islandica, 
Mistrionicus torquatus. 
4, Annual visitants from Europe-—Twrdus iliacus, Ruticilla 
tithys, Saxicola enanthe, Motacilla alba, Anthus pratensis, Linota 
linaria, Chelidon urbica, Hirundo rustica, Falco cesalon, Surnia 
nyctea, Otus brachyotus, Charadrius pluvialis, Aigialites hiaticula, 
Strepsilas interpres, Phalaropus fulicarius, Totanus calidris, 
Limosa (species), Tringa (three species), Calidris arenaria, 
Gallinago media, Numenius pheopus, Ardea cinerea, Anser (two 
species), Bernicla (two species), Anas (four species), Fuligula 
maria, Harelda glacialis, Somateria mollissima, @demia nigra, 
Sterna macrura, Rissa tridactyla, Larus luecopterus, Stercorarius 
(two species), Mratercula artica, Colymbus (two species), Podi- 
ceps cornutus. 
5. Annual visitant from Greenland.—Falco candicans. 
6.—Former resident, now extinct.—Alca impennis (the 
great auk). 
LT —Mediterranean Sub-region. 
This is by far the richest portion of the Palearctic region, 
for although of moderate extent much of it enjoys a climate in 
which the rigours of winter are almost unknown. It includes 
all the countries south of the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, and 
Caucasus mountains ; all the southern shores of the Mediter- 
ranean to the Atlas range, and even beyond it to include the 
extra-tropical portion of the Sahara; and in the Nile valley 
as far as the second cataract. Further east it includes the 
northern half of Arabia and the whole of Persia, as well as 
Beluchistan, and perhaps Affghanistan up to the banks of the 
Indus. This extensive district is almost wholly a region of 
mountains and elevated plateaus. On the west, Spain is 
mainly a table-land of more than 2000 feet elevation, deeply 
penetrated by extensive valleys and rising into lofty moun- 
tain chains. Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, are all very 
