202 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART III. 
Mammalia.—There are a few groups of Palearctic Mammalia 
that are peculiar to this sub-region. Such are, Dama, the 
fallow deer, which is now found only in South Europe and North 
Africa; Psammomys, a peculiar genus of Muride, found only in 
Egypt and Palestine; while Ctenodactylus, a rat-like animal 
classed in the South American family Octodontide, inhabits 
Tripoli, Among characteristic genera not found in other sub- 
regions, are, Dysopes, a bat of the family Noctilionide,; Macros- 
celides, the elephant shrew, in North Africa; Genetia, the 
civet, in South Europe; Herpestes, the ichneumon, in North 
Africa and (?) Spain; Hyena, in South Europe ; Gazella, Oryz, 
Alcephalus, and Addaxz, genera of antelopes in North Africa 
and Palestine; Hyraxz, in Syria: and Hystriz, the porcupine, 
in South Europe. Besides. these, the camel and the horse 
were perhaps once indigenous in the eastern parts of the sub- 
region; and a wild sheep (Ovis musmon) still inhabits Sardinia, 
Corsica, and the mountains of the south-east of Spain, The 
presence of the large feline animals—such as the lion, the 
leopard, the serval, and the hunting leopard—in North Africa, 
together with several other quadrupeds not found in Europe, 
have been thought by some naturalists to prove, that this dis- 
trict should not form part of the Palearctic region. No doubt 
several Ethiopian groups and species have entered it from the 
south, but the bulk of its Mammalia still remains Palearctic, 
although several of the species have Asiatic rather than Euro- 
pean affinities. The Macacus innwus is allied to an Asiatic 
rather than an African group of monkeys, and thus denotes an 
Oriental affinity. Ethiopian affinity is apparently shown by the 
three genera of antelopes, by Herpestes, and by Macroscelides ; but 
our examination of the Miocene fauna has shown that these were 
probably derived from Europe originally, and do not form any 
part of the truly indigenous or ancient Ethiopian fauna. Against 
these, however, we have the occurrence in North Africa of 
such purely Palearctic and non-Ethiopian genera as Ursus, Meles, 
Putorius, Sus, Cervus, Dama, Capra, Alactaga ; together with 
actual European or West Asiatic species of Canis, Genetta, Felis, 
Putorius, Lutra, many bats, Sorex, Crocidura, Crossopus, Hystriz, 
