CHAP. XII. | THE ORIENTAL REGION. 347 
of all these are found in the Philippines except four, viz., Cin- 
clide, Phyllornithide, Eurylemide, and Podargide. The only 
Philippine families which are, otherwise, exclusively Austro- 
Malayan are, Cacatuidee and Megapodiide. Yet although the 
birds are unmistakably Malayan, as a whole, there are, as in 
the mammalia (though in a less degree), marked deficiencies of 
most characteristic Malayan forms. Lord Walden gives a list 
of no less than 69 genera thus absent; but it will be sufficient 
here to mention such wide-spread and specially Indo-Malay 
groups as,—Kurylemus, Nyctiornis, Arachnothera, Geocichla, 
Malacopteron, Timalia, Pomatorhinus, Phyllornis, Iora, Criniger, 
Enicurus, Chaptia, Tehitrea, Dendrocitta, Hulabes, Paleornis, 
Miglyptes, Tiga, and Euplocamus. These deficiencies plainly 
show the isolated character of the Philippine group, and imply 
that it has never formed a part of that Indo-Malayan extension 
of the continent which almost certainly existed when the pecu- 
liar Malayan fauna was developed; or that, if it has been so 
united, it has been subsequently submerged and broken up to 
such an extent, as to cause the extinction of many of the absent 
types. 
It appears from Lord Walden’s careful analysis, that 31 of the 
Philippine species occur in the Papuan sub-region, and 47 in 
Celebes ; 69 occur also in India, and 75 in Java. This last fact 
is curious, since Java is the most remote of the Malayan islands, 
but it is found to arise almost wholly from the birds of that 
island being better known, since only one species, Xantholema 
rosea, is confined to the Philippine Islands and Java. 
The wading and swimming birds are mostly of wide-spread 
forms, only 6 out of the 60 species being peculiar to the Philippine 
archipelago. Contining ourselves to the land-birds, and com- 
bining several of the minutely subdivided genera of Lord Wal- 
den’s paper so as to agree with the arrangement adopted in this 
work, we find that there are 112 genera of land-birds repre- 
sented in the islands. Of these, 50 are either cosmopolitan, of 
wide range, or common to the Oriental and Australian regions, 
and may be put aside as affording few indications of geographical 
affinity. Of the remaining 62 no less than 40 are exclusively 
