CHAP. XII. ] THE ORIENTAL REGION. 351 
should be proved to be erroneous, the main result will remain 
unaltered. 
Java possesses about 270 species of land birds, of which about 
40 are peculiar to it. There are, however, very few peculiar 
genera, Laniellus, a beautiful spotted shrike, being the most 
distinct, while Cochoa and Psaltria are perhaps not different from 
their Indian allies. The island has however a marked indivi- 
duality in two ways—in the absence of characteristic Malayan 
types, and in the presence of a number of forms not yet found 
in any of the other Malay islands, but having their nearest allies 
in various parts of the Indo-Chinese sub-region. The following 
16 genera are all found in Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, 
but are absent from Java: Setornis, Temnurus, Dendrocitta, 
Corydon, Calyptomena, Venilia, Reinwardtipicus, Caloramphus, 
Rhinortha, Nyctiornis, Cranorhinus, Psittinus, Polyplectron, Ar- 
gusianus, Euplocamus, and Rollulus. The following 9 are known 
from two of the above localities, and will very probably be 
found in the third, but are absent from, and not likely to 
occur in, Java: Trichixos, Hupetes, Melanochlora, Chaptia, Pity- 
riasis, Lyncornis, Carpococeyx, Poliococcyx, and Rhinoplax. We 
have thus 25 typically Malayan genera which are not known 
to occur in Java. 
The following genera, on the other hand, do not occur in any 
of the Malayan sub-divisions except Java, and they all oceur 
again, or under closely allied forms, in the Indo-Chinese sub- 
region: Brachypteryx (allied species in Himalayas); Zoothera 
allied species in Aracan); Notodela (allied species in Pegu); 
Pnoépyga (allied species in Himalayas) ; Allotrius (allied species 
in the Himalayas); Cochoa (allied species in the Himalayas) ; 
Crypsirhina (allied species in Burmah); Lstri/da (allied species 
in India) ; Psaltria (allied genus—Agithaliseus—in Himalayas) ; 
Pavo muticus and Harpactes oreskios (same species in Siam 
and Burmah); Cecropis striolata (same species in Java and 
Formosa, and allied species in India). 
Here we have 12 instances of very remarkable distribution, 
and considering that there are nearly as many birds known from 
Sumatra and Borneo as from Java, and considerably more from 
