352 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [PART II. 
the Malay peninsula, it is not likely that many of these well 
marked forms will be discovered in these countries. 
There are also a considerable number of species of birds 
common to Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, but represented in 
Java by distinct though closely allied species. Such are— 
Venilia malaccensis (represented in Java by) V. miniata. 
Drymocataphus nigrocapitatus ,, ss D. capistratus. 
Malacopteron coronatum 7 a M. rufifrons. 
Irena cyanea ns 5 I. turcosa. 
Ploceus baya - i P. hypoxantha. 
Loriculus galgulus a ae L. pusillus. 
Ptilopus jambu ” - P. porphyreus. 
Now if we look at our map of the region, and consider the 
position of Java with regard to Borneo, Sumatra, and the Indo- 
Chinese peninsula, the facts just pointed out appear most 
anomalous and perplexing. First, we have Java and Sumatra 
forming one continuous line of volcanoes, separated by a very 
narrow strait, and with all the appearance of having formed one 
continuous land; yet their productions differ considerably, and 
those of Sumatra show the closest resemblance to those of 
Borneo, an island ten times further off than Java and differing 
widely in the absence of volcanoes or any continuous range of 
lofty mountains. Then again, not only does Java differ from 
these two, but it agrees with a country beyond them both— 
a country from which they seem to have a much better chance 
to have been supplied by immigration than Java has, and to 
have (almost necessarily) participated, even more largely, in the 
benefits of any means of transmission capable of reaching the 
latter island. Yet more; whatever changes have occurred to 
bring about the anomalous state of things that exists must have 
been, zoologically and geologically, recent ; for the strange cross- 
affinities between Java and the Indo-Chinese continent (in 
which Sumatra and Borneo have not participated), as well as 
that between Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo (in which Java has 
not participated) are exhibited, in many cases by community of 
species, in others by the presence of very closely allied forms 
of the same genera, of mammalia and birds. Now we know that 
