INDEX. 
497 
Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene,168 
Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278 
E figure of, 279 
Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, 144 
Lepus, in Brazilian caves, 145 
S. American Pliocene, 147 
Lestodon, 8. American Pliocene, 147 
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan 
insects, 228 . 
Lebellula, from the Lias, 167 
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the 
Rodentia, 90 
Limneea, Eocene, 169 
European Secondary, 169 
Limnetornis, European Miocene, 161 
Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, 134 
Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, 136 
Limnotheride, N. American Tertiary, 133 
Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133 
Listriodon, European Miocene, 119 
Lithomys, European Miocene, 120 
Lithornis, European Eocene, 163 
Lizards, classification of, 99 
Tertiary, 165 
wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448 
Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, 145 
Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, 145 
Lophiodon, European Eocene, 125 
N. American Tertiary, 136 
Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, 136 
Lord Howe’s Island, birds of, 453 
Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, 148 
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143 
Lutra, European Miocene, 118 
Indian Miocene, 121 
Iycena, Miocene of Greece, 115 
Lyre-bird, figure of, 441 
M. 
Macacus, European Pliocene, 112 
Miocene of Greece, 115 
Indian Miocene, 121 
supposed in European Eocene, 125 
Machairodus, 110, 111 - 
Miocene of Greece, 115 
European Miocene, 118 
Indian Miocene, 121 
N. American Tertiary, 134 
in Brazilian caves, 144 
S. American Pliocene, 146 
Macrauchenia, 8. American Pliocene, 146 
Macrotheriwm, Miocene of Greece, 116 
European Miocene, 121 
Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164 
description of, 272 
mammalia of, 272 
birds of, 274 
reptiles of, 279 
amphibia of, 280 
extinct fauna of, 282 
general remarks on insect fauna of, 284 
Madeira, birds of, 208 
land shells of, 208 
beetles of, 210 
wingless insects numerous in, 211 
how stocked with animals, 213 
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological 
unity of, 353 
comparison of mammalia, 354 
of birds, 355 
Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272 
mammalia of, 272 
birds of, 274 
illustration of zoology of, 278 
Malagasy sub-region, reptiles of, 279 ’ 
amphibia of, 280 
extinct fauna of, 282, 289 
insects of, 282 
early history of, 286 
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 
(note) 
Malavan forms of life reappearing in West 
Africa, 263 
fauna, probuble origin of, 359 
resemblances to that of Madagascar and 
Ceylon explained, 361 
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114 
formerly joined to Africa, 201 
fossil elephants of, 201 
birds of, 206 (note) 
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10 
as limited by climate, 11 
as limited by rivers, 12 
how far limited by the sea, 13 
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14 
means of dispersal of aquatic, 15 
of most importance in determining zoo- 
logical regions, 57 
classification of, 85 
birthplace and migrations of some families 
of, 142, 153 
cosmopolitan groups of, 176 
of the Palearctic region, 181 
of the European sub-region, 192 
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202 
of the Siberian sub-region, 217 
characteristic of Western Tartary, 218 
of the Manchurian sub-region, 222 
Palearctic genera of, in the Manchurian 
sub-region, 222 
Oriental genera of, on borders of same 
sub-region. 223 
peculiar to Japan, 223 
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 
226 
table of Palearctic families of, 234 
range of Palearctic genera of, 239 
of the Ethiopian region, 253 
absence of certain important groups, 253 
of*the East African sub-region, 260 
of West Africa, 262 
of S. Africa, 267 
of Madagascar, 272 
table of Ethiopian families of, 294 
table of Ethiopian genera of, 300 
of the Oriental region, 315 
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian 
sub-region, 322 
of Ceylon, 327 
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330 
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336 
illustration of characteristic Malayan, 
336 
of the Philippine Islands, 345 
table of Oriental families of, 365 
table of Oriental genera of, 371 
of Australian region, 390 
of the Papuan Islands, 410 
of the Moluccas, 417 
of Timor group, 422 
of Celebes, 427 
of Australia, 439 
illustration of, 439 
of New Zealand, 450 
table of families of Australian, 470 
table of genera of Australian, 475 
Mammal, the most ancient American, 134 
Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, 107 
extinct, of historic period, 110 
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127 
