Literary Notices. xcv 



past condition. The path of the psychologist runs parallel to this. The 

 psychologist must show how the present human psychical activities have 

 been derived from simpler psychical activities. It is evident that this 

 genetic-psychology must go hand in hand with physiological-psychology. 

 When these two are united psychology is raised to the dignity of an exact 

 science. 



Psychology as Metathysical and Empirical. — Early psycholo- 

 gists spent their time discussing the nature of the soul and its relation to 

 the body. Death focused the popular mind upon the soul. They saw 

 that the corpse lacked something which the living possessed. This miss- 

 ing factor was called the soul or spirit. 



The soul was conceived to be a rarified body like air. But air was 

 not rare enough to suit the philosophers. Soon theyi dethroned air and 

 set up fire. But neither air nor fire was subtle enough to suit Anaxago- 

 ras. He cast both aside and said that the soul was immaterial. He 

 spoke and dualism was issued into the world. Side by side with dualism 

 has gone monism. Both theories are with us to-day. Standing opposed 

 to dualism we have monistic materialism. 



Empirical psychology must turn its back upon all such metaphysical 

 subtleties. Yet in doing so it is not necessary to abandon the words 

 "soul" and "spirit." ., 



Psychology treats of certain well-marked phenomena; we have the 

 same right to call these manifestations psychical as he have to call others 

 chemical or physical. We must only remember that the word "soul" 

 means a collection of phenomena and not a transcendental body. We 

 may even speak of the interaction of soul and body, providing we predi- 

 cate nothing as to the nature of that soul. 



Herbart insists upon the unity and simplicity of the soul. Accord- 

 ing to him it is an error to speak of the powers of the soul. There is 

 some truth in this. But just as we use the terms force of gravity, etc., 

 as makeshift explanations of physical phenomena, so we may use powers 

 of the soul as makeshift explanations of psychical things. 



The steps in the development of consciousness, in either the indi- 

 vidual or the race, are not so clear cut as the rounds of a ladder. In this 

 communication the first stage in the evolution of mind is discussed. 

 Here feeling preponderates over the other two elements. Yet it will 

 be necessary to extend investigations into the realm of cognition and of 

 volition. 



