Literary Notices. xcvii 



a great step in advance. But psychology had not yet reached its goal. 

 As in zoology and botany, so here analysis and synthesis must go hand in 

 hand. Questions of ontogeny cannot be solved without the help of ob- 

 servations upon the phylogeny. What Darwin has done for Biology, 

 Wundt and his followers are doing for Psychology. 



If from a morphological standpoint the higher and lower animals 

 stand in a causal relation to each other, then we have reason to suppose 

 that from a psychological standpoint the same is true. Darwinism, if a 

 fact, must embrace all creation, mind as well as body. As far as the body 

 is concerned, Darwinism is well established. But little has yet been 

 done on the other side. 



Physiology often establishes'laws which further psychology. One of 

 the choicest fruits of physiology is Haeckel's statement that "The on- 

 togenetic development of the individual is a rapid and compact repetition 

 of the phylogenetic development of the species." Applied to mind this 

 law reads as fallows: "The ontogenetic development of the human mind 

 is a rapid and compact repetition of the phylogenetic development of 

 mind in the animal kingdom. This law is far-reaching. 



1. When the psychical activities of a simple organism are known, 

 this known function gives a clue for analyzing the simplest psychical ac- 

 tivities of a complex organism. 



2. When by an analysis psychological research has reached an ele- 

 mentary function of the human mind, comparison of this element with 

 the mind of a much lower organism will test the accuracy of the analysis. 



3. In the animal kingdom it appears that a certain psychical phe- 

 nomenon appears at a certain phylogenetic stage. Here we have a clue 

 to the ontogenetic stage at which it appears in man, and also the path 

 along which it appears in man, and also the path along which research 

 must plod. 



4. On the other hand, from the first appearance of a psychical phe- 

 nomenon in an ontogenetic series we may argue when it appears in the 

 phylogenetic series. 



5. The old time dispute over "instinct" and "intellect" can be 

 solved along this line. 



But we must be cautious. We must not use this law blindly. All 

 Darwinism, especially this fundamental law of biology, is for psychology 

 a convenient working hypothesis. 



To make my meaning clearr; finding that feeling predominates in the 



