Literary Notices. cxi 



will reproduce that sensation. This theory cannot be extended to the 

 feelings. In all cases where a feeling appears to be reproduced, we really 

 have a new feeling. The presentation which accompanied the sensation 

 is reproduced. This arouses a somewhat similar feeling. One and the 

 same feeling may be produced either by internal or external states. 



P.SYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF THE BODILY FEELINGS. An organism 



is conscious of its own states. If a monera has consciousness, it has as 

 yet no presentiment of a subject outside of itself. Its consciousness is 

 affected only by its internal states. If it is well with it, it extends its 

 protoplasmic arms ; if it is not well with it, it contracts its arms. 



In the new born child there is no sign of any psychological states, 

 excepting that of feeling. This explains why we remember nothing of our 

 first few hours. To remember we must have cognitive elements. 1 



The question is often asked, " How did feelings originate from sen- 

 sation ? " This question is unwarranted. Feelings do not arise from 

 sensations. The question should be, how can outer stimuli be trans- 

 formed within our organism into feelings of pleasure or pain ? 



Feeling as such does not tell us whether a thing is good or bad, bene- 

 ficial or harmful. It merely says this thing makes me feel agreeably, 

 but that thing makes me feel disagreeably. 



The old adage, "whatever gives pleasure is beneficial, while what- 

 soever gives pain is harmful," is not altogether true. Poisons often give 

 pleasure. Yet there is an eternal truth here. In general, pleasing things 

 are beneficial while painful things are harmful. This fact is of great sig- 

 nificance to the life of the individual ; for all animals shrink from the 

 painful, while they bask in the pleasurable. 



Feelings stand in intimate relation so the maintenance not only of 

 the individual but also of the species. 



Thus we see that feelings play an important part in the drama of lile. 



University of Cincinnati, May 6th, 1892. 



1. Ward would not agree with Kroener. He insists that cognition, feeling, and 

 volition are present at every stage of psychical development. 



