Kinesspury, Columella Auris and N. Factalis. 327 
been studied, as the changes at transformation introduce com- 
plexities unimportant in this connection. 
Necturus (9.4 cm.). The ganglion geniculi is intra-cranial, 
in the beginning of what might be described as a short facial 
canal, adjoining and cephalad of the cephalic division of the 
auditory nerve. From this ganglion the ramus palatinus arises 
as a small nerve which passes cephalad and ventrad through a 
separate foramen, and goes cephalad at the side of the trabe- 
cula, finally passing ventrad between the parasphenoid and the 
pterygo-palatinum to the roof of the oral cavity. The remain- 
der of the nerve passes laterad through its foramen and develops 
a second ganglion, which undoubtedly belongs to the R. man- 
dibularis externus, a part of the lateral line component. At 
this ganglion the nerve divides into two branches, R. mandibu- 
laris facialis, and R. jugularis; the former divides, as soon as it 
leaves the ganglion into the Rami mandibularis externus and 
internus. The R. jugularis passes upon the caudal side of the 
ganglion and has but little if any connection with it. Its course 
is nearly directly laterad for a short distance, passing dorsad to 
the ligament between that structure and the jugular vein ; be- 
yond the ligament, under the ventral edge of the squamosum 
it turns ventrad and caudad around the dorsal border of the otic 
division of the M. depressor mandibuli to pass under the fascia 
coveriny the lateral surface of that muscle. At the lateral border 
of the M. mylohyoideus posterior, it passes to the ventral side of 
that muscle. It innervates the M. depressor mandibuli, ceratohy- 
oideus, and mylohyoideus posterior. The Ramus communicans 
glossopharyngei passes forward from the ganglion complex of the 
IX and X and joins the R. jugularis just beyond the point where 
it emerges above the columella. The M. depressor mandibuli 
gains some at least of its innervation from fibers of the R. jug- 
ularis which pass back along the R. communicans. R. jugu- 
laris seems to be purely a motor nerve, though it is possible 
that it may have a small lateral line component. 
The R. mandibularis externus goes cephalad, laterad and 
ventrad under the ventral border of the squamosum below (in 
front of) the point of attachment of the ligament curving 
