Literary Notices. XXXIX 
but arises from and within action—that is most needed at the present 
time to put psychology into right relations with biology, on the one 
side, and with philosophy, on the other. With biology, because 
herein we find a category common to both sciences—the category of 
action, of adaptation, or adjustment and readjustment. With philos- 
ophy, for a similar reason, that in the process of the reconstruction of 
experience we see the true functional significance of the psychical. 
One of the best features of the book before us is its insistance on the 
social character of consciousness, and upon the psychical individual 
as the centre for the initiation of new and progressive phases of social 
life. ‘‘Certainly a general view of the place which beings with minds 
occupy in the physical world strongly suggests that their organisms 
may especially have significance as places for the initiation of more or 
less novel types of activity” (301). ‘‘Social inventiveness depends 
upon individualistic restlessness” (327). 
A recent writer has said that ‘‘we ought to turn our views of hu- 
man psychology upside down and study what is now casually referred 
to in a chapter on habit or on the development of the will, as the gen- 
eral psychological law, of which the commonly named processes are 
derivatives.” This Professor Royce has done in a way that will prove 
instructive to psychologists as well as to teachers. 
H. HEATH BAWDEN. 
The Fore-Brain of the Bird.' 
The bird presents in its brain as in other features of its organiza- 
tion more marked specialization than is to be found in any other class 
of vertebrates. The bird brain has been the subject of comparatively 
few researches and our knowledge of its structure and of the signifi- 
cance of its several parts has been meager. In the fore-brain, especi- 
ally, great difficulties to a right understanding of its morphology and 
physiology have been presented by the unusual size of its basal gan- 
glion and the apparent absence of a true pallium over a large part of 
the fore-brain. The homology of the several parts of the basal gan- 
glion, the extent, structure, and the connections of the pallium and 
the functional significance of the several areas or nuclei are perplex- 
1 Untersuchungen iiber die vergleichende Anatomie des Gehirnes, von Dr. 
Lupwic EDINGER in Frankfurt a. M. 5. Untersuchungen tiber das Vorderhirn 
der Végel in Gemeinschaft mit Dr. A. WALLENBERG in Danzig und Dr. G. M. 
Ho.tMeEsin London. Mit sieben Tafeln und elf Textabbildungen. Sonderabd. 
aus d. Adhdlgn. d. Senckenb. naturf. Gesellschaft, BA. XX, Heft IV. 
