Literary Notices. xli 
impossible to compare the parts of the basal ganglion of birds with the 
nuclei in the corpus striatum of mammals. 
Only a few of the more important facts in the arrangement of the 
fiber tracts can be mentioned here. The olfactory apparatus is very 
poorly developed. Only a single tract of fibers connects the lobus 
olfactorius with the rest of the fore-brain and the destination of these 
fibers is not described. ‘The nucleus thaeniae sends a bundle to the 
ganglion habenulae. This is joined by a bundle from the occipital 
cortex (tractus cortico-habenularis) and by one from the more anterior 
portion of the basal ganglion. This bundle, which is not commented 
upon by the author, suggests the anterior portion of the tractus olfacto- 
habenularis, as it has been described in fishes. No tract which can 
certainly be considered as fornix has been found. The greater number 
of fibers, both ascending and descending, connecting the fore-brain 
with the thalamus are related to the striatum and not to the pallium. 
Especially interesting is a tract from the sensory nucleus of the V nerve 
to the nucleus basalis of the mesostriatum and a corresponding descend- 
ing tract of the oblongata and possibly to the cervical cord. 
The most of the fiber bundles connecting the pallium with other 
divisions of the brain are mingled with those of the striatum and are 
ascending fibers from the thalamus and mid-brain. Almost the only 
large descending tract from the pallium is the tractus septo-mesenceph- 
alicus, from the medio-dorsal portion of the pallium to the dorsal part 
of the thalamus and the tectum opticum. Its function is unknown. 
A commissura pallii connects the medio-dorsal cortex of the two sides. 
A tract connects the occipital cortex with the mid-brain beneath the 
tectum opticum. ‘This bundle corresponds to the cortical optic tract 
in mammals. The various portions of pallium are interconnected by 
shorter and longer associational fibers. These are least developed in 
the medio-dorsal cortex. Other important fiber tracts connect the 
nuclei of the fore-brain with one another. The anterior commissure 
appears to be purely a commissure between the two epistriata. 
The experimental works of SCHRADER, GOLTz, and KALIscHER on 
the functions of the bird fore-brain are reviewed, and the results ex- 
tended by means of the new anatomical facts. The fore-brain is not 
essential to either sensory or motor activities but exercises a directive 
influence on both which raises them above the plain of simple automa- 
tism. Removal of the pallium alone does not cause the bird to starve, | 
unless the striatum also is injured. A certain degree of localization of 
function is present in the fore-brain of various birds. The mesostria- 
tum has an important relation to the act of eating, probably mediate 
