ii Journal of Comparative Neurology. 



clinical "anatomist." He opposes orientation (of the parts of the body 

 among themselves, the body and the outside-world, and of objects 

 among themselves) to equilibrium, a centripetal to a centrifugal feature 

 of equilibration, which itself has its various superimposed centres. 



To judge from the clinical evidence of Brown-Sequard paralysis 

 and certain cerebral cases, the (afferent) paths of orientation are dis- 

 tinct from those of general sensibility in the spinal cord and in the 

 cerebral cortex. G. distinguishes the apparatus of orientation of tac- 

 tility, hearing and vision from that of kinaesthesia (general muscular 

 sense, kinaesthetic path of the head (labyrinth), and kinaesthetic appara- 

 tus of the eyes), and points to the influence from the stomach in dizzi- 

 ness (pneumogastric) . Anatomically he speaks of the column of 

 Clarke and the direct cerebellar tract, its termination in the opposite 

 cerebellar cortex and the connection of the cerebellar hemisphere with 

 the red nucleus and the parietal cortex of the opposite side — hence a 

 double decussation. 



The centrifugal path consists of i, the pyramidal tract, 2, the de- 

 scending cerebellar tract, and 3, the bundle of Monakow (faisceau 

 rubro-spinal). 



The centres of orientation and equilibrium are : i . The cerebel- 

 lum and its peduncles. 



a. The inferior peduncle with the afferent elements from the 

 trunk and, in the inner segment, the cerebello-vestibular apparatus plus 

 the connection with the eye-muscles. The efferent elements from the 

 nuclei of Deiters and Bechterew form the descending cerebellar 

 tract. 



b. The middle peduncle gives a crossed connection with the 

 hemisphere and also carries the optic impressions from the corpora 

 quadrigemina and the nuclei of the pons (Pavlow). 



c. The superior cerebellar peduncle which unites the central 

 nuclei of the cerebellum with the red nucleus. Through the latter 

 impressions may pass directly to the perirolandic cortex and through 

 the pyramidal tract to the anterior horns of the opposite side, or to the 

 thalamus and then into the motor cortex and motor path. 



2. The kinaesthetic area of the cerebrum. 



3. The complex of elements of the anterior association center. 

 The cerebellar centres are grouped diagrammatically, similar to 



Grasset's scheme of aphasia. He accepts a division into conscious 

 orientation with voluntary equilibrium, and unconscious orientation 

 with automatic equilibrium, and develops his reasons for the adoption 



