236 ALBERT KUNTZ 



several classes of vertebrates. Observations on the development 

 of these ganglia in embryos of the pig are published in an earlier 

 paper. 2 The present paper embodies the results of a comparative 

 study of the development of the cranial portion of the sympathetic 

 nervous system in embryos of the common toad fish (Opsanus 

 tau), the frog and Amblystoma, the turtle, the chick, and the pig. 



In the general investigations of the development of the sjrmpa- 

 thetic nervous system, with which are associated the names of not a 

 few able investigators, the cranial portion of that system has been 

 quite generally neglected. Observations on the development of 

 the ciliary ganglion in types of the several classes of vertebrates 

 have been recorded by not a few investigators, many of whom 

 studied the development of this ganglion in connection with their 

 investigations of the development of the eye-muscle nerves. Re- 

 corded observations on the development of the remaining sym- 

 pathetic ganglia in the cranial region, in the lower vertebrates, 

 are fragmentary and incomplete. 



A systematic review of the literature bearing on the develop- 

 ment of the cranial portion of the sympathetic nervous system will 

 not be attempted in this paper. In his paper on "The develop- 

 ment of the oculomotor nerve, the ciliary ganglion, and the ab- 

 ducent nerve in the chick, "^ Carpenter ('06) has given us a more 

 or less complete review of the literature bearing on the develop- 

 ment of the ciliary ganglion in types of the several classes of 

 vertebrates. This review was cited by the writer in the earlier 

 paper referred to above. Recorded observations will be further 

 considered in connection with the presentation of the results of 

 the present investigation. 



THE FISH • 



Introductory 



The topographical relationships of the cranial sympathetic gan- 

 glia and nerves were described by Stannius in Belone as early as 

 1849. More recently Herrick ('99) described the topographical 

 relationships of the cranial sympathetic ganglia and the larger 



2 Jour. Comp. Neur., vol. 23, pp. 71-96. 



3 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, vol. 48,' pp. 141, 228. 



