116 TEIJI HOSHINO 



on one side of the body with the wall of the pen. If food or water 

 is placed in the middle of the cage on the floor, they have great 

 difficulty in reaching it. Food is really the only thing which will 

 make them attempt to walk, except when they are frightened or 

 excited. In their attempts to walk they fall forward or sideways 

 or just stumble along reeling like a drunken man, 'demarche 

 ebrieuse.' When they fall forward they try to get up with their 

 bills against the floor pushing back the body and flapping the 

 wings with much effort. When they fall to the side they usually 

 roll over once or twice. Sometimes they fall to the right, while 

 at other times they fall to the left and then roll until they reach 

 some obstruction which helps them to get up with the aid of 

 flapping the wings. Flying is practically impossible in all birds; 

 if they are thrown free in the air, they flap their wings irregularly 

 and cannot fly above the height they are thrown, but go directly 

 down to the floor notwithstanding that their flapping efforts are 

 much more intense than those of normal birds. When the birds 

 are excited or frightened, the disturbances of the irregular move- 

 ments stated above are much more apparent. Such a movement 

 as the so-called "tremulance" or oscillatory movements cannot 

 be observed either when the birds are excited or at rest. Ocular 

 movements are free, no deviation and no nystagmoid jerking can 

 be substantiated. The reflexes which may be elicited from the 

 cornea are normal. When they are put on a rotating chair 

 they show the head nystagmus characteristic of normal pigeons. 

 If they are rotated more than five or six times they lean against 

 the cage wall or lie down, exhibiting regular head nystagmus. 

 When blindfolded the birds reveal no increase of the disturbances 

 of coordination. 



As far as can be determined, sight and hearing are normal; the 

 birds can recognize food and an observer who may be approach- 

 ing; they also react to a sudden sound by raising the head and 

 trunk suddenly, but immediately lower them again. Pupils are 

 equal and react to light promptly. The sensibility to touch as 

 well as to pain appears unaffected in the skin; the birds react to 

 stimulation with direct movements, but all these movements are 

 quite sluggish. The toes of three affected pigeons are more or 



