CRANIAL SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN THE RAT 169 



sympathetic ganglion cells, or small cells which he considered 

 as sympathetic, in connection with the ganglia of the trigeminus, 

 facialis, glossopharyngeus, and vagus in selachians. Similar 

 observations were made in the case of teleostome fishes and 

 Anura. Since His' work appeared before the account of Neu- 

 mayer, and since it is quoted by Neumayer in other respects, 

 but ignored in this particular, I assume that His' results have 

 not been confirmed. Even the ciliary ganglion seems absent 

 to a large extent in Amphibia. Herrick ('94) found no evidence 

 of a ciliary ganglion in Amblystoma punctatum. Coghill states 

 that the ciliary ganglion of Amblystoma tigrinum is transitory 

 and probably at no time functional. Norris ('08) reported the 

 absence of a ciliary ganglion in Amphiuma, and McKibben ('13) 

 has been unable to discover it in Necturus. Kuntz ('14) pre- 

 sents what is perhaps evidence for a transitory ciliary ganglion 

 in Amblystoma and for a definitive ciliary ganglion in the frog. 

 Kuntz ('14) reports the presence of both a sphenopalatine and 

 a ciliary ganglion in turtles (Thalassochelys and Chelydra) and 

 the presence in the chick of four sympathetic ganglia — ciliary, 

 otic, sphenopalatine, and submaxillary. 



Although the facts point quite clearly to the presence of 

 sympathetic ganglia in connection with cranial nerves in lower 

 forms, little has been done in determining their origin. His, Jr. 

 ('93) observed the forward growth of the sympathetic chain 

 from the trunk region in the trout and described it as consisting 

 of cell-free fibers having primitively no connection with cranial 

 nerves. Subsequently, connections with trigeminus, glosso- 

 pharyngeus, and vagus were formed, and at a slightly later stage 

 these connecting strands were found rich in sympathetic ganglion 

 cells. The inference would be that the cells were derived from 

 the respective cranial ganglia. Johnston ('05) states casually 

 that in the teleosts a sympathetic ganglion is present with each 

 cranial ganglion from which same it is presumably derived. 

 Kuntz ('14) has made a detailed study of the development of 

 cranial sympathetic ganglia in the toadfish, but has obtained 

 rather indefinite results. 



