170 FRED W. STEWART 



The impression is gained from Kuntz' work on the toadfish 

 that he regards the cranial sympathetic ganglia of this form as 

 taking origin both from the cranial ganglia and from the neural 

 tube. According to Kuntz, the sympathetic trunk may be 

 traced forward to the Gasserian ganglion in embryos of from 5 

 to 6 mm. At this early stage the primordia of cranial sympa- 

 thetic ganglia are to be recognized. The sixth sympathetic 

 ganglion arises in contact with the medial aspect of the first 

 spinal ganglion and of the ganglion jugulare X. Kuntz believes 

 that the ganglion cells of this sixth sympathetic ganglion take 

 origin from the first spinal ganglion, the neural tube, and the 

 jugular ganglion. The fifth sympathetic ganglion arises and 

 perhaps likewise the fourth from cells which have migrated 

 forward from the anlage of the sixth ganglion. The third sympa- 

 thetic ganglion is derived 'more or less' from the geniculate. The 

 second sympathetic ganglion may be related genetically to both 

 the fifth and seventh nerves, the majority of its cells being doubt- 

 less derived from the Gasserian ganglion, and the first sympa- 

 thetic ganglion is intimately associated with the anterior portion 

 of the Gasserian. 



In the turtle Kuntz has suggested a forward extension from 

 the cervical sympathetic ganglion contributing to the formation 

 of both the sphenopalatine ganglion and the otic ganglion. 

 According to this writer, the Gasserian and geniculate ganglia 

 are both associated with the formation of the sphenopalatine 

 ganglion, in the turtle; the geniculate contributes cells to the 

 otic ganglion. The development of the larger cranial sympa- 

 thetic ganglionic masses in mammals has been followed by Kuntz 

 ('13). Kuntz C09) has discussed the contribution of the vagus 

 to the sympathetic system. His findings may best be considered 

 somewhat later. Hardesty ('14) states that certain small ganglia 

 of the cephalic sympathetic plexus arise from the semilunar, 

 geniculate, glossopharyngeal, and vagus ganglionic masses. 



In do form, apparently, is it clear how much of the cranial 

 sympathetic belongs to the head proper, i.e., with the cranial 

 nerves developmentaUy, and how much is to be regarded strictly 

 as a forward extension from the cervical or trunk region. Not 



