178 Journal of Comparative Neurology. 



reliability. The fact is, that we are much more likely to err 

 when making conscious efforts in thinking than when we follow 

 the unconscious routine of formerly established experiences 

 which have grown into habits. 



Now, as all this unconscious cerebration has its seat in the 

 hemispheres, we cannot say that consciousness is constituted 

 simply by the rising of an irritation into the highest sphere of 

 nervous activity. Consciousness is an additional feature which 

 sometimes does, and sometimes does not, accompany the act- 

 ivity of the hemispheres. 



Professor Goltz's experiments, which, by the by, do not 

 contradict the results of Hitzig's localisation theory, corrobo- 

 rate, as it seems to me, the fact that the hemispheres are not 

 the seat of consciousness. Among his famous brainless animals 

 there is a dog whose entire hemispheres have been removed, 

 and yet he does not appear to be deprived of consciousness. 

 He behaves, as may be expected after the excision of all sys- 

 tematised memories, as a perfect idiot and is, as Professor Goltz 

 expresses it, an extremely complex reflex mechanism that eats 

 {eine fressende Reftex-maschinc). He walks about slowly and 

 awkwardly, head downwards. His sense of touch over his whole 

 skin is obtuse but not absent. He shows a lack of information 

 concerning the surrounding world and his own body, which is 

 mainly noticeable when he is fed. He sees like a sleep-walker 

 who avoids obstacles without being aware of what they are. 

 He hears, for he can be roused from his sleep by the loud noise 

 of a fog-horn, but he hears like a man who is but half 

 awakened from a profound sleep and before he recognises the 

 meaning of the sound, drops back into his old stupor. The dis- 

 turbances of all the other senses are analogous. He howls 

 when hungry, but does not search for food. If fed, he eats 

 until his stomach is full. He shows no indications of sexual 

 instinct, and is generally without any interest or sympathy. In 

 a word, he is, as it has been called, soul-deaf, soul-blind, and 

 soul-dumb in all spheres of psychic life. His intelligence is a 

 blank, but he shows all the symptoms of consciousness, for he 

 becomes aware of sense-impressions when made upon him with 



