cxc Journal of Comparative Neurology. 



Not only the qualities of sensations but their intensity and spatial 

 and temporal extension influence central processes, but these varia- 

 tions have not necessarily been reproduced in the sense required by 

 associationalism. 



It is admitted that sensations which have once been together in 

 consciousness form a tendency to reproduction in the sense that when 

 one of them is again excited some one of the other similar sensations 

 is accustomed to appear. The strongest tendency to reproduction is 

 afforded by contiguity and succession. Attention increases the asso- 

 ciability and reproductive power of sensations as do practice and fa- 

 tigue. 



It is less certain that pleasure and pain have this effect, for it is 

 possible that they are only accompaniments while the increased atten- 

 tion is the real cause of the increase observed. Of course, after the 

 treatment given to association we expect the will to play a great part 

 in determining reproduction. The whole discussion is very "ginger- 

 ly " and apprehensively conducted and brings us round to the point 

 of departure with a curious flourish. The will is not one of the ele- 

 mentary qualities of the individual but the power of the individual to 

 operate determinately upon his own conduct. Will and attention are 

 closely associated and collectively constitute apperception according 

 to Wundt. Apperception is not a metaphysical faculty but the name 

 for an undeniable fact of consciousness. The author understands by 

 will " the expression of the totality of previous experiences in all the 

 gradations of force and value which these have attained through the 

 general psychological laws, and equipped with the decisive power 

 which characterizes the old and tried as contrasted to the fresh and 

 new." Little of all this appears in consciousness. There is no doubt 

 that such a power representing as it does the totality of past experi- 

 ence must furnish a marked condition for the nature of centrally aris- 

 ing sensations. This certainly betrays the influence of Miinsterberg 

 but how about the teaching af the author's own avowed master, 

 Wundt? The spontaneous presentations do not owe their origin to 

 any of the above conditions. 



There follows a discussion of the theories of the immediate source 

 of psychical processes, particularly those of central origin. The idea 

 of special cells for each several sensation, etc., is repudiated as are the 

 more recondite forms of psychical localization. Each sensation is not 

 supposed to be limited to the action of a cell, but the sensation is 

 the total result of the activity in a region of greater or less extent. 

 The whole mystery of reproduction is explained by the use of Wundt's 



