PARALYSES IN DOGS aha 
of the fibers in a given root are about on a level with the super- 
ficial origin of that root from the cord. Sherrington’ has advanced 
some evidence for this, which evidence is based partly on the 
fact that after section through the cord just above a given ante- 
rior root, very little degeneration is to. be seen in the fibers of that 
root, and partly on the results of direct stimulation of roots above 
and below the place of section. Besides Sherrington’s contribu- 
tion important reports on the results of direct stimulation of roots 
have been made by Bikeles and Gizelt,? Langley,!® and Risien 
Russel.4! The subject has been studied in connection with the 
formation of the lumbo-sacral plexus. The results agree fairly 
well, the fibers constituting the main nerve trunks being said to 
arise from the cord in the following descending order: crural, 
obturator, gluteal, sciatic, tail and sphincters. The internal 
popliteal fibers are, as a whole, placed higher than the external 
popliteal. There is supposed to be considerable overlapping of 
nuclei. Further than this longitudinal relationship, little infor-, 
mation is obtainable by the method. Our results conform fairly 
well to the above order except as regards to relative height of the 
external popliteal and internal popliteal. 
A second method is based upon the pathological findings in 
human beings in such conditions where definite motor paralysis 
were clinically under observation” (infantile paralysis, tumors of 
the cord, etc.). The observations are, however, very fragmentary. 
The third method consists either in the amputation of limbs 
or parts of limbs, or in the excision of peripheral nerves, and 
later studying the ganglion-cell changes to be observed in the 
spinal cord. Valuable contributions have been those by Sano," 
Van Gehuchten and Nelis,“* Flatau,!* Marinesco,'* Bruce,!? and 
§ Sherrington: Journ. of Physiol., vol. 13, 1892, p. 621. 
* Bikeles and Gizelt: Pfliiger’s Archiv, 1905, vol. 106, p. 43. 
10 Langley: Journ. of Physiol., 1891, vol. 12, p. 347. 
41 Risien Russel: Proceed. Royal Soc., 1894, vol. 54, p. 243. 
 Wickmann: Die Riickenmark-nerven und ihre Segment-beziige, Berlin, 1901. 
8 Sano: Les localizations des functions motrices de la moelle épiniére, 1908. 
4 Van Gehuchten and Nelis: Jour. de. Neurol., 1898, p. 301. 
16 Flatau: Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol. Physiol. Abt., 1898, p. 112. 
16 Marinesco: Revue Neurol., 1898, p. 483. 
‘7 Bruce: Topographical atlas of spinal cord. 1901. 
