302 DAVID H. DOLLEY 
It is for qualitative changes for which the main search has 
been made, and it is on this point that many interpretations have 
foundered. Kocher, so far as he expected qualitative differ- 
ences, predicated it on the idea that the cells of an animal pur- 
suing its ordinary course are static. That, though possibly not 
exactly accessory appendages, still they are unaffected by the to 
and fro swing of ordinary existence. He simply neglects the 
conception which came in with cellular biology that every. phe- 
nomenon of life of the organism is referable to its cells. For he 
speaks of the ‘“‘resting cells of the controls” as if all cells in the 
undisturbed animal are necessarily static. Only when the extra- 
ordinary thing happens then, like being chased around in a tread- 
mill, or overdrugged, or cut for appendicitis, should changes be 
expected, and these of a peculiar, not to say specific nature, to 
fit the assault on the integrity of the cell? When they do not 
appear, it is necessary for him to believe that nothing has hap- 
pened. But the most ordinary vital phenomenon is a cellular 
phenomenon just as well, and must be correlated with the whole 
range of extraordinary phenomena. Were nervous phenomena 
qualitative, an infinite range and variety would be necessitated. 
No animals can be conceived to be static, in one fixed state. 
Every reaction of an animal comes from its cells; the outside 
environment may disturb those cells. Even the most quiet ani- 
mal outwardly might be expected to reflect its own internal 
work, and the possible effect of a changed internal environment 
on a tissue specialized for irritability has equal possibilities, as 
the anatomical facts have proved. 
Hence it is that one finds, and would expect to find, varied 
evidences of function in different ‘normal’ animals. The only 
result of the extraordinary function on this basis is to drive the 
cells further along in their phases of reaction, a quantitative differ- 
ence in the sum total of reaction. All are in tone, many are 
already working,—to this is added more work. The mere exist- 
ence of morphological differences within the same animal 
would be sufficient clue to something happening which needed 
to be correlated and interpreted, when it comes after any technic. 
Otherwise all cells would look exactly alike. 
