Bee DAVID H. DOLLEY 
smaller cells to bring the average down. In such a slowly re- 
acting type morphologically, it would be the usual result for a 
certain period, but not indefinitely. Prolonged stimulation 
would be driving the cells after they reach this point of shrink- 
age to enlargement—and enough of these larger cells would first 
equalize the comparison and then bring a larger size in the stimu- 
lated cells. So Kocher did not with entire consistency obtain 
Hodge’s results. Yet as a matter of fact, accepting the smallest 
differences, he did duplicate Hodge’s results in eleven out of 
fifteen series from the spinal cord and associated ganglia. Fur- 
ther, his exceptions and the trend of his figures follow to a con- 
siderable degree the explanation given. 
To sum up for collective averages, variations may indicate 
first the predominance of related types of present function. 
When they do, the variations may be above or below the mean, 
depending on what sized types predominate. No variations will 
show up in certain distributions of types. Second, variations 
may indicate an acquired state of functional hypertrophy, which 
has nothing to do with the immediate function, but which, as 
every one should know, may enter as a condition and not a the- 
ory for the specialized cell. When this complication is introduced 
it may combine to lessen, equalize or exaggerate the other possi- 
bilities of variations from the first group of immediate function. 
The functional hypertrophy has an opposite possibility, the func- 
tional atrophy. Why waste any more time over this method? 
It gave of what it has to the pioneers. It is a scientific solecism 
that function, the one faculty which results from the differen- 
tiated state, is the one and only factor which has been neglected 
in making cell measurements on differentiated cells. 
If any one wishes to investigate the size changes of function, 
he must identify and measure functioning stages and the rest- 
ing type from which they spring. This will give him function 
in itself. The resting cell and that alone will give him species 
size, its mean and its variations, species relativity of plasma to 
nucleus, and a basis of comparison between individuals uncom- 
plicated by the degree of present function. For species size, 
once the mean is determined, the variations may be analyzed, 
