Literary Notices. Ixxiii 



tion running in front of the first gill pouch between (3) and (4). From 

 these muscles the hyoid and facial muscles of higher forms are derived. 

 Thus in man from (5) the following muscles are derived, — nasalis, can- 

 inus, bucco-labialis, triangularis oris, risorius Santorini. From (3) is 

 derived the m. stapedius and from (4), with some question, the m, 

 stylo-hyoideus. From (i) are derived the hinder belly of the digastric 

 muscle and the platysma group, and from (2) the anterior belly of the 

 digastric and the mylo-hyoideus. 



The last two muscles are innervated from the mandibular ramus 

 of the fifth nerve in mammals, reptiles, amphibians and bony fishes and 

 the same is true for the muscles which probably correspond to these in 

 Ceratodus. Now in order to bring these muscles into line as belonging 

 to the facial segment, as distinguished from the trigeminal, Ruge has 

 to assume that the trigeminal fibers innervating them are derived from 

 the facial root — peripheral anastomosis in the case of the fishes and 

 intra-cranial in the case of the higher forms, where peripheral anasto- 

 moses do not occur. The existence of such intra-cranial anastomoses 

 is a pure assumption, and as for the bony fishes the reviewer can 

 state from positive observation that the two muscles in question are 

 supplied by fibers whose cells of origin are in the fifth nucleus and not 

 in the seventh. Ruge's generalizations are therefore in this case too 

 hasty and the morphology of these two muscles cannot be regarded as 

 settled. c. j. h. 



Relation of the chorda tympani to the geniculate ganglion,^ 



The author undertook to determine experimentally the vexed ques- 

 tion whether the gustatory fibers of the lingual nerve enter the chorda 

 tympani, are connected with the cells of the geniculate ganglion and 

 thus enter the brain through the portio intermedia of Wrisberg, or 

 whether they enter by the fifth root or some other way, as many clini- 

 cians have maintained. 



In adult dogs the chorda was pulled out after opening the middle 

 ear and the animals killed after from 12 to 46 days. The normal and 

 operated ganglia were hardened in sublimate after Heidenhein and 

 stained in Delafield's haematoxylin. The ganglion cells of the operated 

 side beginning with the 13th day showed the typical degeneration of 

 Nissl. In cases, however, where a piece of the facial nerve one cm. long 

 was cut out below the stylo-mastoid foramen the cells of the geniculate 



• Amabilino, Dr. Rosario. Sui rapporti del ganglio genicolato con la corda 

 del timpano e col facciale. Ricerche anatomiche sperimentali. // Pisani, XIX, 

 I, 2, 1898. 



