Cole, Intelligence of Raccoons. 251 



suffice to show any great falling off in the skill of dogs and 

 cats. 



In complicated boxes all the raccoons had periods of forgetting 

 one fastening only. Sometimes this fastening was forgotten 

 during two or three days. Often my notes read as follows. "Aug. 

 5, Box II, Dolly {i. e., No. 4), forgot loop 2 today in three out of 

 four consecutive trials. Jack (/. e., No. i), forgot button i almost 

 invariably except zuhen he pulled loop i first. In those cases he 

 turned button I next.^' Does this not give us an important dis- 

 tinction between a reflex and an association .^ The reflex has but 

 one cue, an association many. Jack did not forget button i when 

 he pulled loop i first. This had become partly habit because I 

 had built the box up from two fastenings and when it had two he 

 usually pulled the loop first, then turned button i. Later when 

 I was reviewing Box 13 after periods of one hundred forty-four 

 and one hundred forty-seven days respectively, each of the animals 

 (except No. 3) failed on some particular latch or two latches, not on 

 all, nor on one latch in one trial and another in another. If they 

 had settled down to a routine order of working this box, I venture 

 to say that not one of them would have failed after two hundred 

 days or longer. The recall( r) in this case would have been, like 

 that of a boy in swimming for the first time since the preceding 

 summer, perfect. No. 3's work gives evidence of this. He alone 

 gave a pair of duplicate performances in Box 12 (six fastenings). 

 Thus, on August 18, in the twelfth trial he worked the fastenings 

 in the following order: 



(12) 5-2^-2-5-6 & i' -5-1-5^ 



(13) 5-2^-2-5-6 & I' -5-1-5- 



The eighth and ninth trials were almost duplicates and there 

 were other partial duplicates. After one hundred forty-seven days 

 without practice No. 3 alone escaped from Box 13, which was 

 Box 12 with one added fastening. I attribute his success entirely 

 to the superior mechanization of his performance. Kinnaman 

 says of monkeys, "When the group consisted of two or three 

 fastenings the monkey soon adopted a regular routine which he 

 rarely failed to follow." I infer from this that the monkey did 

 not do so with more than three fastenings. The raccoons did 

 not with only two fastenings. I have show that No. 2 followed 



' "6 & 1'" means both latches simultaneously. 



