Cole, Intelligence of Raccoons. 255 



nor could she smell or otherwise perceive the piece of apple in the 

 box. Her work was based entirely on the former experiences of 

 having found apple in the box when open. No. 3 clawed directly 

 at the block but failed to dislodge it; tried once more and 

 succeeded. 



I now varied the experiment by using Box 18. This was large 

 and had a square sawed out of the top large enough to permit the 

 animal to crawl through the top. No. i secured food twenty-five 

 times by going through the top. The box had no bottom and 

 instead of resting directly on the floor it rested on a row of bricks. 

 Removing one of these made an opening under the lower edge of 

 the box through which the raccoon might crawl. The opening 

 in the top was now closed and nailed fast. No. i was freed, went 

 to the top of the box and tried to claw out the block. He then 

 walked about the room then tried the block again. He then 

 went to the opening made by removing the brick, stopped a mo- 

 ment, then crawled in. Total time, 100 seconds. Thus No. i 

 learned to go in by either the upper or lower opening, but when the 

 one through which he had been fed last was closed, he would hesi- 

 tate a moment, then go to the other. Finally the side opening 

 was closed and over the opening in the top was placed end-wise 

 a cylinder eighteen inches high made of a roll of poultry wire. 

 No. I was freed. He walked around the roll of wire which thus 

 fenced in the opening in the box. He then climbed up the outside 

 of this roll and down the inside of it, into the box. The time from 

 his release until he entered the box was thirty seconds. No. 4 

 went directly into the lower opening at the first trial; time, seven 

 seconds. No. 2 failed to go in through the roll of poultry wire. 

 Thus all but he turned almost directly from the opening, which 

 they knew and found closed, to another opening and entered 

 through that one. They could not see the apple for it was dark 

 inside the box, nor could they smell this particular piece of apple 

 for the ropm was full of the odor of apple. It seems to me that 

 they must have retained an image of " apple-there. " I should not 

 urge this point, however, if I did not think that the following 

 experiments give substantial evidence of the presence of visual 

 images. 



In concluding the description of experiments in discriminating 

 cards of diflPerent colors and intensities, I pointed out that success- 

 ful reactions demand that the raccoon compare a color which has 



