The International Zoological Congress. 525 



A. Petrunkevitch Images in the Spider's Eyes. 



H. F. Nachtrieb Lateral Line System and other Features of Polyodon. 



J. Warren Paraphysis and Pineal Region in Necturus maculatus, Lacerta muralis, and Chry- 

 semys marginata. 



B. G. Wilder Photographs of Brains. 



R. M. Yerkes Apparatus for the Study of Animal Behavior. 



R. G. Harrison Preparations Illustrating the Development of the Nerve Fiber. 



ANIMAL BEHAVIOR. 



The International Zoological Congress had for the first time at its seventh session 

 in Boston a section of Animal Behavior. That the recognition of this subject was 

 justified is shown by the fact that this section was one of those having the fullest 

 program and the best attendance among those of the Congress, as well as by the 

 character of the communications made. The section was in session throughout 

 the entire time set apart for sectional meetings, though this was by no means the 

 case with all of the sections of the Congress. The program, given below, contained 

 many papers which marked real and important advances in our knowledge in this 

 field. Animal behavior is a subject of such popular interest that there is of course 

 danger of its degenerating into dilettantism; of its reverting to the anecdotal and 

 generally unsystematic condition which characterized it some years ago. It is 

 therefore gratifying to note the thorough experimental and analytical character of 

 most of the papers presented. There is nothing in biology which lends itself better 

 to studies of the origin, development, and essential nature of the characteristics of 

 living things than the activities with which the subject of behavior deals; but no- 

 where else is a thoroughly scientific method more indispensable. 



The section of Animal Behavior united with the section of Comparative Physi- 

 ology for its sectional address, which was given by Professor Jacques Loeb, on 

 the Chemical Character of the Process of Fertilization. 



A peculiar feature of the program is the absence from it of any papers by foreign 

 members of the Congress, save in the case of two papers whose authors were not 

 present. This of course shows the prominent part taken by America in developing 

 in a scientific way the field of animal behavior; but the real reason for it is doubtless 

 mainly the fact that the students of animal behavior abroad are largely drawn from 

 among the physiologists and psychologists. It was perhaps too much to hope 

 that these would come so far for a Zoological Congress. 



The program as presented was as follows: 



L. T. Hobhouse The Importance of Animal Psychology for the Theory of Evolution. 

 E. G. SpaliLding Postulates and Results in Treating the Problem of Conduct. 

 S. J. Holmes The Relation of Behavior to Formative Processes. 

 T. B. Robertson The Genesis of Protoplasmic Motion. 

 S. Smith The Educability of Paramcecium. 

 S. O. Mast Light Reactions in Volvox. 



L. J. Cole The Influence of Intensity versus Direction of Light in Determining the Direction of 

 Movement of Bipalium and AUolobophora. 



C. W. Hargitt Behavior of Tubicolous Organisms. 



A. G. Mayer The Annual Swarming of the Atlantic Palolo. 

 H. S. Jennings Feeding and Defensive Reactions in the Starfish. 



H. S. Jennings Features in the Behavior of the Starfish, illustrating the Basis for the Attribution 

 by Older Authors of Intelligence to Lower Animals. 



A. L. Herrera On the Comparative Behavior of Insects and Winged Fruits. 



