BOTANY OF THE ROUTE. 21 



and rich luxuriance of vegetation is more striking as we pass close along the banks, and at 

 every bend are new scenes of rural beauty as pleasing because uncommon in a new and wild 

 country. For ten or twelve miles meadows, covered even now with fine green grass, occur 

 alternately on either side, with intervening points of higher land covered with trees. Above 

 the limits of tide-water is a change in the vegetation and surface, the upper valley being com- 

 posed chiefly of the richest prairies, surrounded by the usual dense forests." 



On the 18th of July following I went with a party to explore a route through this valley to 

 the sound. "Very few of the Indians knew anything of the trail, as it had not been used for 

 twenty years, or since the whole tribe of Willopahs inhabiting the vallej^ were exterminated 

 by smallpox. Beaching the first prairie, at the head of tide-water, we loaded a pack-horse 

 with our provisions and blankets, and, each equipped with axe or gun, started on our pedes- 

 trian adventure. The morning was delightful ; the prairie covered with grass full three feet 

 high, and adorned by a great variet}' of flowers. It yet scarcely showed any eff'ects of the dry 

 season which was just commencing. Ten of these prairies, varying from a quarter of a mile to 

 a mile in extent, occur in this valley ; their soil excellent and surface generally level, though 

 sometimes undulating, and making the most beautiful of forms with scarcely any labor. The 

 rest of the valley is also excellent in soil, but covered with trees, and along the river bank 

 sometimes overflowed in winter." 



Crossing the Coast range (to be hereafter more fully described in the account of the forests) 

 we soon struck prairies on the upper Chehalis river. Here the gravelly soil characterizing the 

 whole valley between the Coast and Cascade ranges, together with a drier climate, had pre 

 duced much more of the eflects of the dry season than in the Willopah valley, and the grass, 

 naturally shorter, was quite brown, while a very distinct group of flowers, still blooming in 

 abundance, made it seem as if we had in the distance of a few miles reached an entirely new 

 country. I recognized at once the characteristic plants of the dry prairie near Vancouver and 

 along the Cathlapoot'l river, where the preceding summer I noted, in July, that "we passed 

 through, in the distance of fifty miles, seven prairies from one to four miles in width, generally 

 with abundant grass, rich soil, and forming a charming contrast to the almost impenetrable 

 forests." 



We rested a day at " Boisfort prairie," so called by a Canadian settler, the name being a 

 French translation of the Indian name of tho oak, which first appears here in going eastward. 

 "It is one of the most beautiful of the little prairies we meet, like oases, in this wilderness 

 of forest. Oval in form, about two and a half miles long by one in width, its surface gently 

 undulating in long, terraced slopes. Near its centre stands a remarkable mound, conical and 

 about fifty feet high, probably formed by the action of water, though looking very much as if 

 built purposely by ancient inhabitants for a citadel. 



"The fine fields of grain just ripe, numerous cattle, and comfortable houses, with all the 

 pleasant appliances of rural life, gave the place the air of an old settlement, although the 

 twelve families there had been settled less than a year." 



At short intervals, all along the upper Chehalis, and beyond it to Steilacoom, we passed 

 through similar fine prairies, which occupy a large portion of this valley between the Coast 

 and Cascade ranges. 



The "Nisqually plains," about thirty square miles in extent, lie in irregularly oval form 

 between Puget Sound and the Cascade range, with the Nisqually river on the south and the 

 Puyallup north of them. Their surface is smooth and level, rising in successive terraces from 



