ZOOLOGY. 317 



Dr. Cooper furnishes the following memoranda : 



''In consequence of not having sufficient alcohol for the purpose, I never preserved speci- 

 mens of the various species of salmon which frequent the Columbia and the rivers of Shoal water 

 bay, excepting the heads of several species collected during the journey east of the Cascade 

 range, and which were destroyed from weakness of the alcohol. Yet a few remarks upon their 

 habits, made during my residence there, may not be uninteresting. 



"Salmon enter the Columbia river in large numbers about the 1st of May, and are caught 

 then at Chinook Point, a few miles above Cape Disappointment. From this fact they are 

 generally known as the "Chinook salmon," and are celebrated not only in the Territory but 

 in California as the best salmon caught on the coast. The reason for its superiority when 

 caught at Chinook Point is probably that, this being the first point where they can be taken 

 after entering the river, they are still in fine condition, while after ascending the river they 

 become thin and lose their finest flavor. It seems to be generally believed that they do not 

 feed in fresh water, the stomachs of those caught further up being always empty. It may 

 easily be imagined that this must soon exhaust them, and it seems almost incredible that they 

 should ever be able to go up four hundred miles, over innumerable rapids and falls and against 

 a current which must require their constant exertions to contend with. But by reference to 

 my journal it may be seen that we found them in great numbers in the Okanagan river, at the 

 49th degree, where they had every appearance of having travelled all the way from the ocean. 

 Their fins and tails were so worn down as to be almost useless, their color had changed to a 

 dappled mixture of red and white, and they were emaciated so as to be a mere mass of skin 

 and bones. But still they struggled on up, obedient to the blind instinct which led them to 

 seek the very headwaters of the river to find a fit nursery for a progeny which they should 

 never know. 



"It of course excited much speculation in our minds as to the law of nature which should 

 doom so many thousands of fish to certain death, and apparently, contrary to all analogy in the 

 class of fishes, to die after making but one deposit of eggs. No solution of the matter was 

 then suggested, but in thinking it over since, I have arrived at a theory on the subject which I 

 ■will now state : 



"It will be observed that such large numbers of dead or dying salmon are found mostly at 

 the headwaters of streams, and that they increase in number the further we ascend from the 

 sea. It is also the fact that great numbers go up the small streams emptying into the sea from 

 the Coast range, and do not there die in any quantity unless they have to ascend many falls 

 and rapids. I never saw anything like the number of salmon in that condition at Shoalwater 

 baj', although I have seen tons of them there. 



"Another noticeable fact is, that all those seen in the Okanagan river were small, not more 

 than two feet long, and very uniform in size. Besides this, they seemed to be of the same 

 species as we saw further down the Columbia. They certainly were not of any species of 

 trout constantly inhabiting the river, of which I had already seen three. Now, the reason I 

 would assign for the 'wearing out' of some salmon annually is this: Shoals, probably com- 

 posed of fish of difi'erent ages, enter the river, the larger and smaller keeping in distinct 

 bodies. Their ova are more or less mature, perhaps according to the age of the fish, and they 

 continue to ascend the river until the ova become ready for deposition. This I know often 

 occurs quite near the sea, as salmon may be seen making their nests in the clear water of the 

 Willopah, not more than fifteen miles from its mouth. But that it is not always so is shown by 



