156 S. J. HOLMES 



mann, Mentz, Zoneff and Meumann find that pleasant and dis- 

 agreeable states are quite uniformly accompanied by certain 

 characteristic physiological processes. Among the accompani- 

 ments of pleasurable feeling we have increased amplitude of heart 

 beat, a slowing of the pulse, dilation of peripheral blood vessels 

 and an increase in the rate of breathing, accompanied by a de- 

 crease in its depth. Unpleasantness on the other hand is said to 

 go along with quickening of the pulse, contraction of the blood 

 vessels, and slower and deeper respiration. Other investigators, 

 however, fail to obtain such uniform results. Kelchner finds 

 that agreeable tastes have an opposite effect on the pulse from 

 that produced by sounds and colors and that the respiratory 

 changes corresponding to agreeable and disagreeable stimuli are 

 far from constant. Shepard in studying the effect of stimuli 

 upon the peripheral circulation finds that 19 agreeable stimuli 

 gave a fall of volume distinctly, while 4 gave a possible rise; 

 15 disagreeable stimuli gave a distinct fall, and 2 a possible 

 rise. Agreeable smells were found to deepen the respiration and 

 disagreeable ones to have the opposite effect. 



A disagreeably exciting sound or a noise tends to deepen breathing and 

 often makes it irregular also. Agreeably exciting stimuli at least as often 

 increase as decrease the depth. 



The volume of the brain (studied upon a person who had lost a 

 portion of the skull in an accident) showed no constant relation 

 to agreeable or disagreeable stimuli, both producing in general an 

 increased volume and increased cerebral pulse. 



Shields has reached similar conclusions in studying the effect 

 of odors upon the circulation. Heliotrope and wood violet were 

 enjoyed by the subject experimented on, but the volume of the 

 arm diminished quite as often as increased during their applica- 

 tion. Indol and skatol are unpleasant odors, but the volume of 

 the arm frequently increased during the first few seconds of their 

 application and then decreased. The effects of odors were very 

 different with different people, and with the same person at dif- 

 ferent times, and the author concludes that 



