THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS 

 SYSTEM IN BIRDS' 



ALBERT KUNTZ 



From the Biological Laboratory, State University of Iowa 



TEN FIGURES 



CONTENTS 



Introduction 283 



Observations 284 



1. Sympathetic trunks 284 



a. Introductory 284 



b. Primary sympathetic trunks 286 



c. Secondary sympathetic trunks 287 



d. Histogenesis 288 



2. Prevertebral plexuses 293 



3. Ganglion of Remak 295 



4. Vagal sympathetic plexuses 296 



a. Introductory 296 



b. Myenteric and submucous plexuses 296 



c. Pulmonary plexuses 299 



d. Cardiac plexus 299 



e. Histogenesis 300 



Discussion of results, and conclusions 301 



Summary 305 



Bibliography 308 



INTRODUCTION 



The present investigation of the development of the sympa- 

 thetic nervous system in birds has grown out of an investigation of 

 the development of the sympathetic nervous system in mammals. 

 It was undertaken in order to further exact knowledge concerning 

 the development of the sympathetic nervous system, to extend 



1 From the Laboratories of Animal Biology of the State University of Iowa. 

 Prof. Gilbert L. Houser, Director. 



